ArticleScientific reports2016
Primary blast causes mild, moderate, severe and lethal TBI with increasing blast overpressures: Experimental rat injury model.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed.
- Blast injury simulation in pigs using an air-driven shock wave generator: effects of shock waves of lateral shock wave exposure.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2026Article
- PDE5 inhibition restores mitochondrial function and improves neurobehavioral outcomes after repeated mild blast TBI.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Primary Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury as a Risk Factor for (Cerebro)vascular Disorder: Clinical Manifestations, Blast Physics, Biomechanics, Pathobiology, and Critical Gaps.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Induction of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in the cerebral cortex of a mouse model of blast-induced traumatic brain injury.Human cell · 2026Article
- Integrated Blood Biomarker and Neurobehavioural Signatures of Latent Neuroinjury in Experienced Military Breachers Exposed to Repetitive Low-Intensity Blast.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- In silico investigation of brain tissue responses associated with mild blast traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- The effects of blast-induced traumatic brain injury on brain cellular mechanics and differentiation.PloS one · 2026Article
- Assessment model of blast injury: A narrative review.iScience · 2025Review
- Intramural hematomas and astrocytic infiltration precede perivascular inflammation in a rat model of repetitive low-level blast injury.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2025Article
- Mild Blast Exposure Dysregulates Metabolic Pathways and Correlation Networking as Evident from LC-MS-Based Plasma Profiling.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- The pCREB/BDNF Pathway in the Hippocampus Is Involved in the Therapeutic Effect of Selective 5-HT Reuptake Inhibitors in Adult Male Rats Exposed to Blast Traumatic Brain Injury.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Characterization of an Advanced Blast Simulator for Investigation of Large Scale Blast Traumatic Brain Injury Studies.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Impact of prior exposures on biomarkers of blast during military tactical training.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Quantitative proteomic profiling in brain subregions of mice exposed to open-field low-intensity blast reveals position-dependent blast effects.Shock waves · 2024Article
- Reactive gliosis in traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Twenty Years of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma: Current State of Knowledge.Neurotrauma reports · 2024Article
- Late chronic local inflammation, synaptic alterations, vascular remodeling and arteriovenous malformations in the brains of male rats exposed to repetitive low-level blast overpressures.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Article
- High-energy open-fracture model with initial experience of fluorescence-guided bone perfusion assessment.Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2023Article
- What Happens in TBI? A Wide Talk on Animal Models and Future Perspective.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Protective Performance of Helmets and Goggles in Mitigating Brain Biomechanical Response to Primary Blast Exposure.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2022Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Injury severity in blast induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) increases with blast overpressure (BOP) and impulse in dose-dependent manner. Pure primary blast waves were simulated in compressed gas shock-tubes in discrete increments. Present work demonstrates 24 hour survival of rats in 0-450 kPa (0-800 Pa∙s impulse) range at 10 discrete levels (60, 100, 130, 160, 190, 230, 250, 290, 350 and 420 kPa) and determines the mortality rate as a non-linear function of BOP. Using logistic regression model, predicted mortality rate (PMR) function was calculated, and used to establish TBI severities. We determined a BOP of 145 kPa as upper mild TBI threshold (5% PMR). Also we determined 146-220 kPa and 221-290 kPa levels as moderate and severe TBI based on 35%, and 70% PMR, respectively, while BOP above 290 kPa is lethal. Since there are no standards for animal bTBI injury severity, these thresholds need further refinements using histopathology, immunohistochemistry and behavior. Further, we specifically investigated mild TBI range (0-145 kPa) using physiological (heart rate), pathological (lung injury), immuno-histochemical (oxidative/nitrosative and blood-brain barrier markers) as well as blood borne biomarkers. With these additional data, we conclude that mild bTBI occurs in rats when the BOP is in the range of 85-145 kPa.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.