ArticlePharmacogenomics2016
African-specific variability in the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M4: association with cocaine and heroin addiction.
Article in Pharmacogenomics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Article
- Computational prognostic evaluation of Alzheimer's drugs from FDA-approved database through structural conformational dynamics and drug repositioning approaches.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Effects of acute and repeated administration of the selective MAddiction biology · 2022Article
- OPRD1 SNPs associated with opioid addiction are cis-eQTLs for the phosphatase and actin regulator 4 gene, PHACTR4, a mediator of cytoskeletal dynamics.Translational psychiatry · 2021Article
- Acetylcholine Muscarinic MBiological psychiatry · 2020Article
- Muscarinic M4 Receptors on Cholinergic and Dopamine D1 Receptor-Expressing Neurons Have Opposing Functionality for Positive Reinforcement and Influence Impulsivity.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimThis study was designed to determine whether polymorphisms in acetylcholine receptors contribute to opioid dependence and/or cocaine dependence. PATIENTS &
methodsThe sample (n = 1860) was divided by drug and ancestry, and 55 polymorphisms (nine genes) were analyzed.
resultsOf the 20 SNPs that showed nominally significant associations, the association of the African-specific CHRM4 SNP rs2229163 (Asn417=) with cocaine dependence survived correction for multiple testing (Pcorrected = 0.047). CHRM4 is located in a region of strong linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 11 that includes genes associated with schizophrenia. CHRM4 SNP rs2229163 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with several African-specific SNPs in DGKZ and AMBRA1.
conclusionCholinergic receptors' variants may contribute to drug addiction and have a potential role as pharmacogenetic markers.
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Registered trials
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