ArticleJournal of health, population, and nutrition2016
Bacteriological quality of bottled drinking water versus municipal tap water in Dharan municipality, Nepal.
Article in Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-Lactamase genes in multi-drug-resistant bacteria isolated from drinking water supply and surface water systems in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Assessment of water quality and associated health risks in community-managed water systems in highland areas: A case study Chiang Rai province, Thailand.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Microbial and Chemical Water Quality Assessments Across the Rural and Urban Areas of Nepal: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Chemical, physical and microbiological analyses of different drinking water sources among diverse governorates in Lebanon.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A regulatory framework for bottled water quality monitoring: A case of Emfuleni local municipality.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Quality of sources of drinking water and health among the hill tribe people of northern Thailand.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2022Article
- Investigation of the Bacterial Contamination and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Bottled Drinking Water.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
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- Bacteriological Quality and Heavy Metal Analysis of Packaged Water Produced in Lusaka, Zambia and Associated Quality Control Measures.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates present in tap water of public toilets.International health · 2020Article
- Occurrence and diversity of waterborne fungi and associated mycotoxins in treated drinking water distribution system in South Africa: implications on water quality and public health.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2020Article
- A comparative study of microbial contamination between public institutional and private residential bottled water dispensers.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2020Article
- Drinking Water Investigation of Hill Tribes: A Case Study in Northern Thailand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Bottled water brands are contaminated with multidrug resistant bacteria in Nairobi, Kenya.F1000Research · 2020Article
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- Article
- Household-stored drinking water quality among households of under-five children with and without acute diarrhea in towns of Wegera District, in North Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2018Article
- Prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia duodenalis infection among school-going children in Nepal.Parasitology research · 2018Article
- Mycological and Bacteriological Quality and Safety of Bottled Water in Ethiopia.The open microbiology journal · 2018Article
- Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Schools and Households in Dolakha and Ramechhap Districts, Nepal: Results from A Cross-Sectional Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWater-related diseases are of great concern in developing countries like Nepal. Every year, there are countless morbidity and mortality due to the consumption of unsafe drinking water. Recently, there have been increased uses of bottled drinking water in an assumption that the bottled water is safer than the tap water and its use will help to protect from water-related diseases. So, the main objective of this study was to analyze the bacteriological quality of bottled drinking water and that of municipal tap water.
methodsA total of 100 samples (76 tap water and 24 bottled water) were analyzed for bacteriological quality and pH. The methods used were spread plate method for total plate count (TPC) and membrane filter method for total coliform count (TCC), fecal coliform count (FCC), and fecal streptococcal count (FSC). pH meter was used for measuring pH.
resultsOne hundred percent of the tap water samples and 87.5 % of the bottled water samples were found to be contaminated with heterotrophic bacteria. Of the tap water samples, 55.3 % were positive for total coliforms, compared with 25 % of the bottled water. No bottled water samples were positive for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, in contrast to 21.1 % and 14.5 % of the tap water samples being contaminated with fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, respectively. One hundred percent of the tap water samples and 54.2 % of the bottled water samples had pH in the acceptable range.
conclusionsAll of the municipal tap water samples and most of the bottled drinking water samples distributed in Dharan municipality were found to be contaminated with one or more than one type of indicator organisms. On the basis of our findings, we may conclude that comparatively, the bottled drinking water may have been safer (than tap water) to drink.
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