Trial reportJournal of pain and symptom management2016
Family Caregiver Depressive Symptom and Grief Outcomes From the ENABLE III Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Journal of pain and symptom management, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Family Bereavement Support Interventions in Specialist Adult Palliative Care: A Rapid Mixed-Methods Systematic Review.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of sedative practices on grief in the spouse of a patient who has died of cancer. An international systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions to improve outcomes for caregivers of patients with advanced cancer: a meta-analysis.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Pooled it
- Palliative Care Interventions Effects on Psychological Distress: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis.Journal of pain and symptom management · 2023Pooled it
- An examination and proposed definitions of family members' grief prior to the death of individuals with a life-limiting illness: A systematic review.Palliative medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Spirituality-Integrated Interventions for Caregivers of Patients with Terminal Illness: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Outcomes.Journal of religion and health · 2021Pooled it
- The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of hospital-based specialist palliative care for adults with advanced illness and their caregivers.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Interventions to help support caregivers of people with a brain or spinal cord tumour.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Telemedicine Use Among Caregivers of Cancer Patients: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2018Pooled it
- Palliative Care Coaching for Family Caregivers of Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Palliative Video Consultation and Symptom Distress Among Rural Inpatients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Trial
- An Early Palliative Care Telehealth Coaching Intervention to Enhance Advanced Cancer Family Caregivers' Decision Support Skills: The CASCADE Pilot Factorial Trial.Journal of pain and symptom management · 2022Trial
- Effects of the Values and Options in Cancer Care Communication Intervention on Personal Caregiver Experiences of Cancer Care and Bereavement Outcomes.Journal of palliative medicine · 2019Trial
- Effect of home-based specialised palliative care and dyadic psychological intervention on caregiver anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial.British journal of cancer · 2018Trial
- Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Conversational Agent Delivering Problem-Solving Therapy for Family Caregivers of Children With a Chronic Health Condition: Multiphase Mixed Methods Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- A process evaluation of early palliative care implementation in the National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2026Article
- Roles undertaken by family caregivers to help individuals with cancer manage symptoms: a qualitative study of caregivers, patients, and oncology clinicians.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- The CAREPAL-8: a short screening tool for multidimensional family caregiver burden in palliative care.BMC palliative care · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextLittle is known about whether early palliative care (EPC) support for family caregivers (CGs) impacts depressive symptoms and grief after care recipients die.
objectivesTo assess after-death CG depressive symptom and grief scores for early compared to delayed group CGs.
methodsWe conducted a randomized controlled trial (10/2010-9/2013) of an EPC telehealth intervention for CGs (n = 123) initiated at the time of care recipients' advanced cancer diagnosis (early group) or 12 weeks later (delayed group) in a rural comprehensive cancer center, affiliated clinics, and a Veterans Administration medical center. The ENABLE [Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends] CG intervention consisted of three weekly sessions, monthly follow-up, and a bereavement call. CGs completed the Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression (CES-D) scale and the Prigerson Inventory of Complicated Grief-Short Form (PG13) 8-12 weeks after care recipients' deaths. Crude and covariate-adjusted between-group differences were estimated and tested using general linear models.
resultsFor care recipients who died (n = 70), 44 CGs (early: n = 19; delayed: n = 25) completed after-death questionnaires. Mean depressive symptom scores (CES-D) for the early group was 14.6 (SD = 10.7) and for the delayed group was 17.6 (SD = 11.8). Mean complicated grief scores (PG13) for the early group was 22.7 (SD = 4.9) and for the delayed group was 24.9 (SD = 6.9). Adjusted between-group differences were not statistically significant (CES-D: d = 0.07, P = 0.88; PG13: d = -0.21, P = 0.51).
conclusionCGs' depressive symptom and complicated grief scores 8-12 weeks after care recipients' deaths were not statistically different based on the timing of EPC support. The impact of timing of CG EPC interventions on CGs bereavement outcomes requires further investigation.
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