ArticleExperimental animals2016
Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of multilevel caging on Sprague Dawley rats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia.
Article in Experimental animals, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Swimming exercise training (SET) and MitoQ supplementation can mitigate the atrophy and inflammation process in skeletal muscles of male Wistar rats with spinal cord injury (SCI): NF-κB/MuRF-1/proteasome pathway.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Azilsartan as a preventive agent against cyclophosphamide-induced testicular injury in male rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Topical Application of Dipyridamole and Roflumilast Combination Nanoparticles Loaded Nanoemulgel for the Treatment of Psoriasis in Rats.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Context-Specific Tolerance and Pharmacological Changes in the Infralimbic Cortex-Nucleus Accumbens Shell Pathway Evoked by Ketamine.Neurochemical research · 2021Article
- Comparison of the effects ofMedical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2020Article
- Applying the 3Rs: A Case Study on Evidence and Perceptions Relating to Rat Cage Height in the UK.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2019Article
- Sex-dependent changes in ketamine-induced locomotor activity and ketamine pharmacokinetics in preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats.European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Article
- Oxygen inhalation improves postoperative survival in ketamine-xylazine anaesthetised rats: An observational study.PloS one · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the cage refinement is a necessary step towards improving the welfare of research rats, increasing the complexity and surface area of the living space of an animal may have physiological impacts that need to be taken into consideration. In this study, ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) caused a short duration anesthesia that was significantly decreased in Sprague-Dawley rats housed in multilevel cages (MLC), compared to rats housed in standard cages (SDC). The withdrawal reflex, the palpebral reflexes and the time-to-sternal all occurred earlier in MLC housed rats, suggesting an effect of housing on the physiology of the rats. In addition, during anesthesia, cardiac frequencies were increased in animals housed in the smaller SDC. Respiratory frequencies, the blood oxygen saturation and rectal temperatures during anesthesia did not vary between conditions during the anesthesia. While xylazine pharmacokinetics were unchanged with caging conditions, the clearance and half-lives of ketamine and its metabolite, norketamine, were altered in the rats housed in MLC. Finally, while no difference was ultimately seen in rat body weights, isolated liver and adrenal gland weights were significantly lighter in rats housed in the MLC. Increasing cage sizes, while having a positive impact on wellbeing in rats, can alter anesthetic drug metabolism and thus modify anesthesia parameters and associated physiological processes.
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