Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27262968›Full record

ArticleEnvironmental health and preventive medicine2016

Rural-urban differences in the prevalence of cognitive impairment in independent community-dwelling elderly residents of Ojiya city, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

Kazutoshi Nakamura, Kaori Kitamura, Yumi Watanabe, Hiroko Shinoda, Hisami Sato, Toshiyuki Someya

Abstract read
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Article in Environmental health and preventive medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Association between oxytocin and S100B in community-dwelling older adults.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025
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  20. Rural-urban health disparities among older adults in South Africa.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2019
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Kazutoshi NakamuraDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. kazun@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.
Kaori KitamuraDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
Yumi WatanabeDivision of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
Hiroko ShinodaOjiya City Government, Ojiya, Niigata, Japan.
Hisami SatoOjiya City Government, Ojiya, Niigata, Japan.
Toshiyuki SomeyaDepartment of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study aimed to examine rural-urban differences in the prevalence of cognitive impairment in Japan.

methodsWe targeted 592 residents aged 65 years and older who did not use long-term care insurance services in one rural and two urban areas in Ojiya City, Japan. Of these, 537 (90.7 %) participated in the study. The revised Hasegawa's dementia scale (HDS-R) was used to assess cognitive function, and cognitive impairment was defined as a HDS-R score ≤20. Lifestyle information was obtained through interviews. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was compared according to the levels of predictor variables by odds ratios (ORs) calculated by a logistic regression analysis.

resultsMean age of participants was 75.7 years (SD 7.0). The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 20/239 (8.4 %) in the rural area and 6/298 (2.0 %) in the urban areas, for a total of 26/537 (4.8 %) overall. Men tended to have a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (P = 0.0628), and age was associated with cognitive impairment (P for trend <0.0001). The rural area had a significantly higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (age- and sex-adjusted OR = 4.04, 95 % CI: 1.54-10.62) than urban areas. This difference was significant after adjusting for other lifestyle factors.

conclusionsThe prevalence of cognitive impairment was higher in the rural area relative to urban areas in Ojiya city. This regional difference suggests the existence of potentially modifiable factors other than lifestyle in relation to cognitive impairment.

Indexed as

Independent LivingAgedAged, 80 and overCognitive DysfunctionFemaleHumansJapanMalePrevalenceRural PopulationUrban PopulationCross-sectional studiesMild cognitive impairmentPrevalenceRural healthUrban health

Identifiers

PMID27262968
PMCPMC5112187

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.