ReviewSchizophrenia bulletin2016
Are Hallucinations Due to an Imbalance Between Excitatory and Inhibitory Influences on the Brain?
Review in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alterations in interhemispheric gamma-band connectivity are related to the emergence of auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy subjects during NMDA-receptor blockade.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Aberrant Fear: Biological Underpinnings Relevant to Psychosis, Antipsychotic Drugs, and Psychotherapeutic Treatments, a Translational Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The dysconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia: a 30-year update.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Refining mechanistic models of hallucinations for enhanced translatability.Translational psychiatry · 2025Review
- Cognitive-Developmental Mechanisms in Hallucinations.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Review
- Visual Hallucinations in Serotonergic Psychedelics and Lewy Body Diseases.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Review
- Hearing voices and other altered perceptual experiences across psychotic, mood, and anxiety disorders: from phenomenology and mechanisms to future directions.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Electrophysiological Signatures of Visual Sensations Elicited by Direct Electrical Stimulation.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Article
- A Phenomenological Reappraisal of Dynamical Systems in Psychopathology.Psychopathology · 2025Review
- Common Genomic and Proteomic Alterations Related to Disturbed Neural Oscillatory Activity in Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Using the excitation/inhibition ratio to optimize the classification of autism and schizophrenia.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- GABA, glutamate dynamics and BOLD observed during cognitive processing in psychosis patients with hallucinatory traits.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The immediate alteration of cerebellar Glx/GABA and cerebello-thalamo-cortical connectivity in patients with schizophrenia after cerebellar TMS.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Human stem cell-based models to study synaptic dysfunction and cognition in schizophrenia: A narrative review.Schizophrenia research · 2024Review
- Excitation/inhibition imbalance in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of inhibitory and excitatory TMS-EMG paradigms.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Enhanced Beta2-band Oscillations Denote Auditory Hallucination in Schizophrenia Patients and a Monkey Model of Psychosis.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Article
- Altered intrinsic neural activity and its molecular analyses in first-episode schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Spatial Distribution of Inhibitory Innervations of Excitatory Pyramidal Cells by Major Interneuron Subtypes in the Auditory Cortex.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Neural Activation in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Precedes Conscious Experience of Being in or out of a Transient Hallucinatory State.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 12 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This review from the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research intends to question the pertinence of the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis as a model for hallucinations. A large number of studies suggest that subtle impairments of the E/I balance are involved in neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia. Emerging evidence also points to a role of the E/I balance in maintaining stable perceptual representations, suggesting it may be a plausible model for hallucinations. In support, hallucinations have been linked to inhibitory deficits as shown with impairment of gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor plasticity, reductions in gamma-frequency oscillations, hyperactivity in sensory cortices, and cognitive inhibition deficits. However, the mechanisms by which E/I dysfunctions at the cellular level might relate to clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits remain unclear. Given recent data advances in the field of clinical neuroscience, it is now possible to conduct a synthesis of available data specifically related to hallucinations. These findings are integrated with the latest computational frameworks of hallucinations, and recommendations for future research are provided.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.