ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2016
Sex-Related Differences in Inflammatory and Immune Activation Markers Before and After Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- The relationship between HIV-1 neuroinflammation, neurocognitive impairment and encephalitis pathology: A systematic review of studies investigating post-mortem brain tissue.Reviews in medical virology · 2024Pooled it
- Comorbidities in women living with HIV: A systematic review.HIV medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Sex Differences in Neurocognitive Function in Adults with HIV: Patterns, Predictors, and Mechanisms.Current psychiatry reports · 2019Pooled it
- Age modifies the association between sex and the plasma inflammatory proteome in treated HIV.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Trial
- The Association Between Weight Gain, Sex, and Immune Activation Following the Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Sex-related differences in markers of immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients.Biology of sex differences · 2020Trial
- A single low dose of hydrocortisone enhances cognitive functioning in HIV-infected women.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Trial
- Years gained, health lost? A population-based cohort study of sex differences in healthy life expectancy among people living with HIV.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Estrogen Modulation of B Cell Immunity: Implications for HIV Control and Therapeutic Strategies.Comprehensive physiology · 2025Review
- Brief Report: Sex and HIV Modify Immune Activation Biomarkers in Ugandans Post-Tuberculosis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Influence of Cellular Aging on Liver Stiffness in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Achieving Sustained Viral Response.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Sex differences in systematic screening for tuberculosis among antiretroviral therapy naïve people with HIV in Kampala, Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Association between serum Klotho levels and thrombocytosis in aging adults based on evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Disproportionate Vulnerability to and Unique Aggregation Pattern of Non-AIDS Comorbidities Among Women With HIV in China.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- HIV and CKD in the Tenofovir Era: A Prospective Parallel-Group Cohort Study From Tanzania.Kidney medicine · 2025Article
- Cytokine trajectory over time in men and women with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Metabolic Disorders of Aging and Obesity in People with HIV.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Review
- Sex Differences in the Risk of Stroke Associated With Traditional and Non-Traditional Factors in a US Cohort of People With HIV Infection.Neurology · 2024Observational
- Population-Specific Predictors of Immunologic Reconstitution Following Initiation of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy in Children: A Retrospective Observational Study from a 15-Year Cohort of HIV-Positive Children and Adolescents in Eritrea.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- A Characterization of Women Living with HIV in Belgium.AIDS research and treatment · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 17 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen progress to death at the same rate as men despite lower plasma HIV RNA (viral load). We investigated sex-specific differences in immune activation and inflammation as a potential explanation.
methodsInflammatory and immune activation markers [interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, IL-6, IL-18, IFN-γ-induced protein 10, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipopolysaccharide, and sCD14] were measured at weeks 0, 24, and 48 after combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in a random subcohort (n = 215) who achieved virologic suppression in ACTG A5175 (Prospective Evaluation of Antiretrovirals in Resource-Limited Settings). Association between sex and changes in markers post-cART was examined using random effects models. Average marker differences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariable models.
resultsAt baseline, women had lower median log10 viral load (4.93 vs 5.18 copies per milliliter, P = 0.01), CRP (2.32 vs 4.62 mg/L, P = 0.01), detectable lipopolysaccharide (39% vs 55%, P = 0.04), and sCD14 (1.9 vs 2.3 µg/mL, P = 0.06) vs men. By week 48, women had higher interferon γ (22.4 vs 14.9 pg/mL, P = 0.05), TNF-α (11.5 vs 9.5 pg/mL, P = 0.02), and CD4 (373 vs 323 cells per cubic millimeter, P = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, women had greater increases in CD4 and TNF-α but less of a decrease in CRP and sCD14 compared with men.
conclusionsWith cART-induced viral suppression, women have less reduction in key markers of inflammation and immune activation compared with men. Future studies should investigate the impact of these sex-specific differences on morbidity and mortality.
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Registered trials
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