ArticleBreast cancer : basic and clinical research2016
Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2/Prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2) Pathway Member Multiple Drug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) and Downregulation of Prostaglandin Transporter (PGT) and 15-Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
Article in Breast cancer : basic and clinical research, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tumor Regulatory Effect of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase (HPGD) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Pancreatic cancer tumor organoids exhibit subtype-specific differences in metabolic profiles.Cancer & metabolism · 2024Article
- Targeting Solute Carrier Transporters (SLCs) as a Therapeutic Target in Different Cancers.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The xenobiotic transporterFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Stabilization of E-cadherin adhesions by COX-2/GSK3β signaling is a targetable pathway in metastatic breast cancer.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Targeting Platelet Activation Pathways to Limit Tumour Progression: Current State of Affairs.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- ST08 Altered NF-κB Pathway in Breast Cancer CellsFrontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Macrophage/microglia-derived IL-1β induces glioblastoma growth via the STAT3/NF-κB pathway.Human cell · 2022Article
- A vicious circle in breast cancer: The interplay between inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and microRNAs.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Antiplatelet Therapy Combined with Anastrozole Induces Features of Partial EMT in Breast Cancer Cells and Fails to Mitigate Breast-Cancer Induced Hypercoagulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Review
- Bioinformatic Exploration for Prognostic Significance of Sphingolipid Metabolism-Related Genes in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Using the Cancer Genome Atlas Cohort.International journal of general medicine · 2021Article
- Genetic Variants inFrontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- The Prostaglandin E2 Pathway and Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Evidence of Increased Signaling and Potential Targeting.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Increased prostaglandin-D2 in male STAT3-deficient hearts shifts cardiac progenitor cells from endothelial to white adipocyte differentiation.PLoS biology · 2020Article
- Prostaglandin EInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Prostaglandin E2 Reverses the Effects of DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor and TGFB1 on the Conversion of Naive T Cells to iTregs.Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhamatologie · 2020Article
- NSAID therapy for PIK3CA-Altered colorectal, breast, and head and neck cancer.Advances in biological regulation · 2020Review
- Downregulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase during acquired tamoxifen resistance and association with poor prognosis in ERα-positive breast cancer.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are indicators of a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Using several independent publicly available breast cancer gene expression databases, we investigated other members of the PGE2 pathway. PGE2 is produced by COX-2 and actively exported by multiple drug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) into the extracellular microenvironment, where PGE2 can bind four cognate EP receptors (EP1-EP4) and initiate diverse biological signaling pathways. Alternatively, PGE2 is imported via the prostaglandin transporter (PGT) and metabolized by 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH/HPGD). We made the novel observation that MRP4, PGT, and 15-PGDH are differentially expressed among distinct breast cancer molecular subtypes; this finding was confirmed in independent datasets. In triple-negative breast cancer, the observed gene expression pattern (high COX-2, high MRP4, low PGT, and low 15-PGDH) would favor high levels of tumor-promoting PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment that may contribute to the overall poor prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.