ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2016
Persistent Sex Disparities in Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in the Conjugate Vaccine Era.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Residual Disparities in US Adults Hospitalized due to All-Cause Pneumonia Following Implementation of Childhood 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in National Immunization Program.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Neutrophils induce effective antibody responses to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by inhibiting T regulatory cells.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- Pooled analysis of PCV13 efficacy from controlled human infection trials in Malawi and the UK.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Influence of area-level social vulnerability on all-cause pneumonia incidence among adult Medicare and Medicaid enrollees.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Risk conditions for invasive pneumococcal disease in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Sex-based difference in immune responses and efficacy of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Article
- Neighborhood-level disadvantages increase risk for invasive pneumococcal disease.The American journal of the medical sciences · 2024Article
- Patterns and factors associated with pneumococcal vaccination in a prospective cohort of 1,697 patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Urban and Rural Disparities in Pneumococcal Carriage and Resistance in Jordanian Children, 2015-2019.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Infection in the Developing Brain: The Role of Unique Systemic Immune Vulnerabilities.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Review
- Invasive pneumococcal disease confirmed in five different sites including Austrian syndrome in a male patient with methamphetamine abuse.BMJ case reports · 2020Article
- Article
- [Austrian syndrome: A rare manifestation of invasive pneumococcal disease. A case report and bibliographic review].Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2019Review
- Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on hospitalizations for pneumonia in the United States.Expert review of vaccines · 2019Review
- Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia Detected by Serotype-Specific Urinary Antigen Detection Assays.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Article
- Gender disparity in pediatrics: a review of the current literature.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2018Review
- Sex differences in invasive pneumococcal disease and the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the Netherlands, 2004 to 2015.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2017Article
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Still Lots to Learn and a Need for Standardized Data Collection Instruments.Canadian respiratory journal · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew studies have characterized the role of sex on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We examined sex differences in rates of IPD, and trends after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).
methodsWe used active population and laboratory-based IPD surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Active Bacterial Core surveillance program (1998-2013) in Tennessee. Population-based rates of IPD by sex, race, age group, and PCV era were calculated. Rates were compared using incidence rate ratios.
resultsThroughout the study years, rates of IPD were higher in male than in female subjects, particularly in children <2 years and adults 40-64 years of age, with male subjects having IPD rates 1.5-2 times higher than female subjects. The proportions of comorbid conditions were similar in male and female subjects . Sex rate differences persisted after stratification by race. Although the introductions of 7-valent PCV (PCV7) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13) were associated with declines in IPD rates in both sexes, rates of IPD after PCV13 were still significantly higher in male than in female subjects among children and adults 40-64 and >74 years of age.
conclusionsRates of IPD were generally higher in male than in female subjects. These sex differences were observed in different race groups and persisted after introduction of both PCVs.
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