ArticleBMC complementary and alternative medicine2016
Antiproliferative and antimetabolic effects behind the anticancer property of fermented wheat germ extract.
Article in BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on the health effects of fermented wheat germ extract with emphasis on cancer.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects of Adjuvant Fermented Wheat Germ Extract on Cancer Cell Lines: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2018Pooled it
- Wheat Bioactive Compounds and Human Health: A Review of Nutraceutical Potential, Molecular Mechanisms and AI-Assisted Functional Food Innovation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Antidiabetic effect of dried sweet potato extract with fermented lettuce extracts.Food science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- [2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2025Article
- Fermented Wheat Germ Protein with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor AR42 Demonstrates Enhanced Cytotoxicity against Lymphoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- [2, 6-dimethoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone alleviates septic shock in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2024Article
- A Fermented Wheat Germ Extract Contains Protein Components Active against NSCLC Xenografts In Vivo.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- Exploring the Anti-Cancer Effects of Fish Bone Fermented UsingMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Redox-Cycling "Mitocans" as Effective New Developments in Anticancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Extraction, bioactive function and application of wheat germ protein/peptides: A review.Current research in food science · 2023Review
- Wheat Germ Fermentation withFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Impact of Fermented Wheat Germ Extract on Porcine Epithelial Cell Line Exposed to Deoxynivalenol and T-2 Mycotoxins.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2020Article
- Fermented Wheat Germ Extract as a Redox Modulator: Alleviating Endotoxin-Triggered Oxidative Stress in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2020Article
- Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo.Nutrients · 2019Article
- A purified, fermented, extract of Triticum aestivum has lymphomacidal activity mediated via natural killer cell activation.PloS one · 2018Article
- Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Citric Acid-Treated Wheat Germ Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages.Nutrients · 2017Article
- Rice callus suspension culture inhibits growth of cell lines of multiple cancer types and induces apoptosis in lung cancer cell line.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) sold under the trade name Avemar exhibits anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Its mechanisms of action are divided into antiproliferative and antimetabolic effects. Its influcence on cancer cell metabolism needs further investigation. One objective of this study, therefore, was to further elucidate the antimetabolic action of FWGE. The anticancer compound 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) is the major bioactive compound in FWGE and is probably responsible for its anticancer activity. The second objective of this study was to compare the antiproliferative properties in vitro of FWGE and the DMBQ compound.
methodsThe IC50 values of FWGE were determined for nine human cancer cell lines after 24 h of culture. The DMBQ compound was used at a concentration of 24 μmol/l, which is equal to the molar concentration of DMBQ in FWGE. Cell viability, cell cycle, cellular redox state, glucose consumption, lactic acid production, cellular ATP levels, and the NADH/NAD(+) ratio were measured.
resultsThe mean IC50 value of FWGE for the nine human cancer cell lines tested was 10 mg/ml. Both FWGE (10 mg/ml) and the DMBQ compound (24 μmol/l) induced massive cell damage within 24 h after starting treatment, with changes in the cellular redox state secondary to formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Unlike the DMBQ compound, which was only cytotoxic, FWGE exhibited cytostatic and growth delay effects in addition to cytotoxicity. Both cytostatic and growth delay effects were linked to impaired glucose utilization which influenced the cell cycle, cellular ATP levels, and the NADH/NAD(+) ratio. The growth delay effect in response to FWGE treatment led to induction of autophagy.
conclusionsFWGE and the DMBQ compound both induced oxidative stress-promoted cytotoxicity. In addition, FWGE exhibited cytostatic and growth delay effects associated with impaired glucose utilization which led to autophagy, a possible previously unknown mechanism behind the influence of FWGE on cancer cell metabolism.
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