ArticlePloS one2016
Peripheral Immune Cell Populations Associated with Cognitive Deficits and Negative Symptoms of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Canonical and Non-Canonical Antipsychotics' Dopamine-Related Mechanisms of Present and Next Generation Molecules: A Systematic Review on Translational Highlights for Treatment Response and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Immunometabolic reprogramming of central and peripheral immune cells in mental disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Revealing the Oxidative Stress-Related Molecular Characteristics and Potential Therapeutic Targets of Schizophrenia through Integrated Gene Expression Data Analysis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Identification of Immune-Related Biomarkers of Schizophrenia in the Central Nervous System Using Bioinformatic Methods and Machine Learning Algorithms.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Lights and shadows of clozapine on the immune system in schizophrenia: a narrative literature review.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Psychiatric Symptoms in Wilson's Disease-Consequence ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Causality between autoimmune diseases and schizophrenia: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Immunophenotypes in psychosis: is it a premature inflamm-aging disorder?Molecular psychiatry · 2024Review
- The role of the immune system in early-onset schizophrenia: identifying immune characteristic genes and cells from peripheral blood.BMC immunology · 2024Article
- Risperidone Decreases Expression of Serotonin Receptor-2A (5-HT2A) and Serotonin Transporter (SERT) but Not Dopamine Receptors and Dopamine Transporter (DAT) in PBMCs from Patients with Schizophrenia.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Immunological Biomarkers as Predictors of Treatment Response in Psychotic Disorders.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- Causal role of immune cells in schizophrenia: Mendelian randomization (MR) study.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Neuroimmune, clinical and treatment challenges in multiple sclerosis-related psychoses.World journal of psychiatry · 2023Review
- An examination of plasma autoantibodies against voltage gated calcium channels in schizophrenia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Article
- Association of polysialic acid serum levels with schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder-related structural brain changes and hospitalization.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Altered mitochondrial lymphocyte in overweight schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics and its association with cognitive function.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease.Pharmacological reviews · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHypothetically, psychotic disorders could be caused or conditioned by immunological mechanisms. If so, one might expect there to be peripheral immune system phenotypes that are measurable in blood cells as biomarkers of psychotic states.
methodsWe used multi-parameter flow cytometry of venous blood to quantify and determine the activation state of 73 immune cell subsets for 18 patients with chronic schizophrenia (17 treated with clozapine), and 18 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, BMI and smoking. We used multivariate methods (partial least squares) to reduce dimensionality and define populations of differentially co-expressed cell counts in the cases compared to controls.
resultsSchizophrenia cases had increased relative numbers of NK cells, naïve B cells, CXCR5+ memory T cells and classical monocytes; and decreased numbers of dendritic cells (DC), HLA-DR+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and CD4+ memory T cells. Likewise, within the patient group, more severe negative and cognitive symptoms were associated with decreased relative numbers of dendritic cells, HLA-DR+ Tregs, and CD4+ memory T cells. Motivated by the importance of central nervous system dopamine signalling for psychosis, we measured dopamine receptor gene expression in separated CD4+ cells. Expression of the dopamine D3 (DRD3) receptor was significantly increased in clozapine-treated schizophrenia and covaried significantly with differentiated T cell classes in the CD4+ lineage.
conclusionsPeripheral immune cell populations and dopaminergic signalling are disrupted in clozapine-treated schizophrenia. Immuno-phenotypes may provide peripherally accessible and mechanistically specific biomarkers of residual cognitive and negative symptoms in this treatment-resistant subgroup of patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.