ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2016
Measuring gender when you don't have a gender measure: constructing a gender index using survey data.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Similarities and Differences of Mental Health in Women and Men: A Systematic Review of Findings in Three Large German Cohorts.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Sex and gender differences in caregiving burden experienced by family caregivers of persons with dementia: A systematic review.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- The Influence of Sex and Gender on the Level and Course of Subjective Cognitive Complaints After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Gender inequalities in high psychological distress vary across European regions and occupational subgroups.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Decoding sex and gender effects on health: evidence from a nationwide cohort.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Sex and gender effects on incidence of migraine and stroke: a longitudinal observational study based on the german socio-economic panel.Biology of sex differences · 2026Observational
- Sex and Gender Differences in Chronic Kidney Disease-Explained by the Brenner-Luyckx Concept of Hyperfiltration.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Gender differences in work expectations and psychological distress: insights from the United States and South Korea.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Applicability of Existing Gender Scores for German Clinical Research Data: Scoping Review and Data Mapping.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- The Operationalization of Gender in Biomedical Research: A Multidimensional Imperative.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Integrating gender medicine into modern healthcare: Progress and barriers.European journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland.BMC oral health · 2025Observational
- Mapping diversity in gender identity and gender roles across sex and age in the Dutch general population: a large-scale cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Applicability of Retrospective and Prospective Gender Scores for Clinical and Health Data: Protocol for a Scoping Review.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Bouncing Beyond Adversity in Oncology: An Exploratory Study of the Association Between Professional Team Resilience at Work and Work-Related Sense of Coherence.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Article
- Developing a gender measure and examining its association with cardiovascular diseases incidence: a 28-year prospective cohort study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Gender scores in epidemiological research: methods, advantages and implications.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- Gender roles and gender norms associated with psychological distress in women and men among the Dutch general population.Journal of health psychology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDisentangling the impacts of sex and gender in understanding male and female differences is increasingly recognised as an important aspect for advancing research and addressing knowledge gaps in the field of work-health. However, achieving this goal in secondary data analyses where direct measures of gender have not been collected is challenging. This study outlines the development of a gender index, focused on gender roles and institutionalised gender, using secondary survey data from the Canadian Labour Force survey. Using this index we then examined the distribution of gender index scores among men and women, and changes in gender roles among male and female labour force participants between 1997 and 2014.
methodsWe created our Labour Force Gender Index (LFGI) using information in four areas: responsibility for caring for children; occupation segregation; hours of work; and level of education. LFGI scores ranged from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more feminine gender roles. We examined correlations between each component in our measure and our total LFGI score. Using multivariable linear regression we examined change in LFGI score for male and female labour force participants between 1997 and 2014.
resultsAlthough women had higher LFGI scores, indicating greater feminine gender roles, men and women were represented across the range of LFGI scores in both 1997 and 2014. Correlations indicated no redundancy between measures used to calculate LFGI scores. Between 1997 and 2014 LFGI scores increased marginally for men and decreased marginally for women. However, LFGI scores among women were still more than 1.5 points higher on average than for men in 2014.
conclusionsWe have described and applied a method to create a measure of gender roles using survey data, where no direct measure of gender (masculinity/femininity) was available. This measure showed good variation among both men and women, and was responsive to change over time. The article concludes by outlining an approach to use this measure to examine the relative contribution of gender and sex on differences in health status (or other outcomes) between men and women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.