SynthesisInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2016
The frequency of influenza and bacterial coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 298 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
298 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Viral Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Literature Review.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Antivirals for treatment of severe influenza: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Lancet (London, England) · 2024Pooled it
- The prevalence of influenza bacterial co-infection and its role in disease severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (November 2019-June 2021).Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prevalence and Outcomes of Bacterial Co-detections by Blood Culture Among Children and Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, 2022-2024.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Clinical Relevance of Multiplex PCR for Respiratory Pathogens in Hospitalized Adults with Influenza-Like Illness.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial stewardship challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications of antibiotic overuse and antimicrobial resistance.Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2026Review
- Causes and Contributing Factors of In-Hospital and Post-Discharge Mortality Among Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Factors influencing antibiotic use in confirmed viral respiratory tract infections.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Observational
- Oxygenation-Based Severity Stratification and a Proposed Clinical Diagnostic Workflow for Non-HIVJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity of Klebsiella aerogenes in a single host: plasmid loss and tissue-specific virulence gene expression during host adaptation.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026Article
- Divergent pathogenic mechanisms of influenza A and influenza B viruses.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Procalcitonin Levels in ICU Patients with SARS-CoV-2-Associated Viral Sepsis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Baloxavir Exhibits Antibacterial Activity AgainstInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Myeloid Cell States in Influenza-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis Are Shaped by Iron Overload and Metabolic Reprogramming.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A retrospective clinical risk prediction model for co‑infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with COVID‑19 based on restricted cubic splines.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Potential Non-Specific Benefits of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
238 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimCoinfecting bacterial pathogens are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in influenza. However, there remains a paucity of literature on the magnitude of coinfection in influenza patients.
methodA systematic search of MeSH, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and PubMed was performed. Studies of humans in which all individuals had laboratory confirmed influenza, and all individuals were tested for an array of common bacterial species, met inclusion criteria.
resultsTwenty-seven studies including 3215 participants met all inclusion criteria. Common etiologies were defined from a subset of eight articles. There was high heterogeneity in the results (I(2) = 95%), with reported coinfection rates ranging from 2% to 65%. Although only a subset of papers were responsible for observed heterogeneity, subanalyses and meta-regression analysis found no study characteristic that was significantly associated with coinfection. The most common coinfecting species were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, which accounted for 35% (95% CI, 14%-56%) and 28% (95% CI, 16%-40%) of infections, respectively; a wide range of other pathogens caused the remaining infections. An assessment of bias suggested that lack of small-study publications may have biased the results.
conclusionsThe frequency of coinfection in the published studies included in this review suggests that although providers should consider possible bacterial coinfection in all patients hospitalized with influenza, they should not assume all patients are coinfected and be sure to properly treat underlying viral processes. Further, high heterogeneity suggests additional large-scale studies are needed to better understand the etiology of influenza bacterial coinfection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.