ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2016
Inhaled Antibiotics for Gram-Negative Respiratory Infections.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Randomized control study of nebulized colistin as an adjunctive therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric postoperative cardiac surgical population.Annals of cardiac anaesthesiaTrial
- TACTIC: A transfer learning framework to predict drug interactions in emerging pathogens.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Initiation of inhaled antibiotic therapy in chronic airway diseases: the REPAIR registry.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Fucose-tobramycin sponge-like microparticles to treat pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a lectin-competitive approach.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Liposomal antimicrobials in the fight against bacterial and fungal pathogens: Clinical successes and development challenges.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Article
- Sulbactam-Durlobactam for Carbapenem-ResistantPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Clinical Predictors and Pathogen Resistance Dynamics in Hospitalized Patients with Urinary Tract Infections: A 2025 Institutional Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Inhaled Ciprofloxacin as an Alternative Treatment for Infection withAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Report on Successful Treatment of Refractory MAC 2 Lung Disease in Two Elderly Patients with Inhaled Liposomal Amikacin (ALIS) at Half the Standard Dose.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Translational Model to Predict Lung and Prostate Distribution of Levofloxacin in Humans.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Inhalable Nanosystems for Bacterial Respiratory Infections: Addressing Pulmonary Barriers and Biofilm-Associated Challenges.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Lung Delivery of Lactose-Free Microparticles Loaded with Azithromycin for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Zinc Sulfate (ZnSOAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A new paradigm for drug discovery in the treatment of complex diseases: drug discovery and optimization.Chinese medicine · 2025Review
- Impact of Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, and Mucus-Binding Motifs on the Therapeutic Potential of Ceftazidime Analogs for Pulmonary Administration.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pulmonary Delivery of Antibiotics to the Lungs: Current State and Future Prospects.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Nebulized Hybrid Nanoarchaeosomes: Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Anti-Microbial Activity and Cytotoxicity on A549 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Utilizing a three-dimensional printed additional nebulization chamber for colistin nebulization with a large diluent volume through a vibrating mesh nebulizer: proof of concept.European clinical respiratory journal · 2025Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gram-negative organisms comprise a large portion of the pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections, especially those that are nosocomially acquired, and the rate of antibiotic resistance among these organisms continues to rise. Systemically administered antibiotics used to treat these infections often have poor penetration into the lung parenchyma and narrow therapeutic windows between efficacy and toxicity. The use of inhaled antibiotics allows for maximization of target site concentrations and optimization of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices while minimizing systemic exposure and toxicity. This review is a comprehensive discussion of formulation and drug delivery aspects, in vitro and microbiological considerations, pharmacokinetics, and clinical outcomes with inhaled antibiotics as they apply to disease states other than cystic fibrosis. In reviewing the literature surrounding the use of inhaled antibiotics, we also highlight the complexities related to this route of administration and the shortcomings in the available evidence. The lack of novel anti-Gram-negative antibiotics in the developmental pipeline will encourage the innovative use of our existing agents, and the inhaled route is one that deserves to be further studied and adopted in the clinical arena.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.