ArticlePhysiological reports2016
Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train-low paradigms for endurance athletes.
Article in Physiological reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors Influencing AMPK Activation During Cycling Exercise: A Pooled Analysis and Meta-Regression.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Pooled it
- Performance effects of periodized carbohydrate restriction in endurance trained athletes - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- New Zealand blackcurrant extract augments muscle glycogen storage at rest and enhances intramuscular triglyceride degradation during prolonged exercise.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Training with reduced carbohydrate availability affects markers of bone resorption and formation in male academy soccer players from the English Premier League.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
- Effects of Short-Term Nighttime Carbohydrate Restriction Method on Exercise Performance and Fat Metabolism.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Divergent serum metabolomic, skeletal muscle signaling, transcriptomic, and performance adaptations to fasted versus whey protein-fed sprint interval training.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Trial
- Initiating aerobic exercise with low glycogen content reduces markers of myogenesis but not mTORC1 signaling.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021Trial
- Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen availability offsets the effect of post-exercise cold water immersion in augmenting PGC-1α gene expression.Physiological reports · 2019Trial
- Preexercise breakfast ingestion versus extended overnight fasting increases postprandial glucose flux after exercise in healthy men.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Trial
- Changes in metabolism but not myocellular signaling by training with CHO-restriction in endurance athletes.Physiological reports · 2018Trial
- Collision activity during training increases total energy expenditure measured via doubly labelled water.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Trial
- The impact of sleeping with reduced glycogen stores on immunity and sleep in triathletes.European journal of applied physiology · 2016Trial
- Relationships between nutrition, training frequency, and anthropometric characteristics in elite archers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Delayed lead straight punch performance following resistance priming with different velocity-loss thresholds in highly trained boxers.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Fibre: The Forgotten Carbohydrate in Sports Nutrition Recommendations.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Energy intake, hydration status, and sleep of world-class male archers during competition.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- An online exploratory survey of Australian athletes' and exercisers' use of and attitudes towards ultra-processed sports foods.The British journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Exogenous Ketone Supplements in Athletic Contexts: Past, Present, and Future.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Using an amalgamation of previously studied "train-low" paradigms, we tested the effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine availability on cell-signaling responses associated with exercise-induced regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a repeated-measures crossover design, 11 males completed an exhaustive cycling protocol with high CHO availability before, during, and after exercise (HIGH) or alternatively, low CHO but high protein (leucine enriched) availability (LOW + LEU). Muscle glycogen was different (P < 0.05) pre-exercise (HIGH: 583 ± 158, LOW + LEU: 271 ± 85 mmol kg(-1) dw) but decreased (P < 0.05) to comparable levels at exhaustion (≈100 mmol kg(-1) dw). Despite differences (P < 0.05) in exercise capacity (HIGH: 158 ± 29, LOW + LEU: 100 ± 17 min), exercise induced (P < 0.05) comparable AMPKα2 (3-4-fold) activity, PGC-1α (13-fold), p53 (2-fold), Tfam (1.5-fold), SIRT1 (1.5-fold), Atrogin 1 (2-fold), and MuRF1 (5-fold) gene expression at 3 h post-exercise. Exhaustive exercise suppressed p70S6K activity to comparable levels immediately post-exercise (≈20 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). Despite elevated leucine availability post-exercise, p70S6K activity remained suppressed (P < 0.05) 3 h post-exercise in LOW + LEU (28 ± 14 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)), whereas muscle glycogen resynthesis (40 mmol kg(-1) dw h(-1)) was associated with elevated (P < 0.05) p70S6K activity in HIGH (53 ± 30 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). We conclude: (1) CHO restriction before and during exercise induces "work-efficient" mitochondrial-related cell signaling but; (2) post-exercise CHO and energy restriction maintains p70S6K activity at basal levels despite feeding leucine-enriched protein. Our data support the practical concept of "fuelling for the work required" as a potential strategy for which to amalgamate train-low paradigms into periodized training programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.