ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2016
Ultra-long-term human salt balance studies reveal interrelations between sodium, potassium, and chloride intake and excretion.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (April to October 2018).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Pooled it
- Twenty-Four-Hour Diet recall and Diet records compared with 24-hour urinary excretion to predict an individual's sodium consumption: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Pooled it
- Percentage of ingested sodium excreted in 24-hour urine collections: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Pooled it
- Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health.International journal of epidemiology · 2018Trial
- Sodium and Fluid Excretion With Torsemide in Healthy Subjects is Limited by the Short Duration of Diuretic Action.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2017Trial
- Increased salt consumption induces body water conservation and decreases fluid intake.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2017Trial
- Alteration in tissue electrolyte and water balance in pregnant mice: the importance of potassium.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension 2025 (JSH2025).Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Time to Consider Potassium Intake in Saudi: A Cross-Sectional Assessment Using 24 h Urinary Excretion.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Sodium Intake Estimation in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Measurement Methods to Clinical Outcomes.Turkish journal of nephrology · 2025Article
- Sex difference in the relationship between 24-h sodium-potassium ratio and prevalence of metabolic syndromes: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association of serum chloride levels with all-cause mortality among patients in surgical intensive care units: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-IV database.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Article
- Spot urinary sodium in CKD patients: correlation with 24h-excretion and evaluation of commonly used prediction equations.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Article
- 2022 World Hypertension League, Resolve To Save Lives and International Society of Hypertension dietary sodium (salt) global call to action.Journal of human hypertension · 2023Review
- Space Environment Impacts Homeostasis: Exposure to Spaceflight Alters Mammary Gland Transportome Genes.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo.Journal of public health in Africa · 2023Article
- Association Between Dietary Potassium Intake Estimated From Multiple 24-Hour Urine Collections and Serum Potassium in Patients With CKD.Kidney international reports · 2023Article
- Development and the art of nutritional maintenance.The British journal of nutrition · 2022Review
- The association of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to salt with 24-h urinary sodium, potassium excretion and hypertensive status.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe intake of sodium, chloride, and potassium is considered important to healthy nutrition and cardiovascular disease risk. Estimating the intake of these electrolytes is difficult and usually predicated on urine collections, commonly for 24 h, which are considered the gold standard. We reported on data earlier for sodium but not for potassium or chloride.
objectiveWe were able to test the value of 24-h urine collections in a unique, ultra-long-term balance study conducted during a simulated trip to Mars.
designFour healthy men were observed while ingesting 12 g salt/d, 9 g salt/d, and 6 g salt/d, while their potassium intake was maintained at 4 g/d for 105 d. Six healthy men were studied while ingesting 12 g salt/d, 9 g salt/d, and 6 g salt/d, with a re-exposure of 12 g/d, while their potassium intake was maintained at 4 g/d for 205 d. Food intake and other constituents were recorded every day for each subject. All urine output was collected daily.
resultsLong-term urine recovery rates for all 3 electrolytes were very high. Rather than the expected constant daily excretion related to daily intake, we observed remarkable daily variation in excretion, with a 7-d infradian rhythm at a relatively constant intake. We monitored 24-h aldosterone excretion in these studies and found that aldosterone appeared to be the regulator for all 3 electrolytes. We report Bland-Altman analyses on the value of urine collections to estimate intake.
conclusionsA single 24-h urine collection cannot predict sodium, potassium, or chloride intake; thus, multiple collections are necessary. This information is important when assessing electrolyte intake in individuals.
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