ArticleBiophysical journal2016
Chromosome Compaction by Active Loop Extrusion.
Article in Biophysical journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 162 papers.
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Who cites it
162 citing papers in PubMed.
- Modeling the spatial organization of replicated chromosomes in yeast reveals a loose asymmetric cohesion between sister chromatids.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- High-resolution chromatin mapping reveals that CTCF anchors meiotic loops to the chromosome axis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- RepliSage: a stochastic graph-based framework for 3D chromatin modeling across the cell cycle.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Cohesin activity accelerates the homology search.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Dual phosphoregulatory mechanisms of condensin I revealed by biochemical reconstitution.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Cohesin bridging as a physical principle of enhancer-promoter communication.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- SMC complex unidirectionally translocates DNA by coupling segment capture with an asymmetric kleisin path.eLife · 2026Article
- Condensin accelerates long-range intra-chromosomal interactions.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Unique territorial and compartmental organization of chromosomes in the holocentric silkworm.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Extrusion fountains are hallmarks of chromosome organization emerging upon zygotic genome activation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Compaction of chromatin domains regulates target search times of proteins.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- 3D genome folding in epigenetic regulation and cellular memory.Trends in cell biology · 2026Review
- Motorized chromosome models of mitotic chromosome folding.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Dynamics of microcompartment formation at the mitosis-to-G1 transition.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025Article
- Parallel Evolution of X Chromosome-Specific Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes Complexes in Two Nematode Lineages.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- RNA Pol II-based regulations of chromosome folding.Cell genomics · 2025Article
- Dynamical properties of chromatin provide insights into key folding principles.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- Dynamic barriers modulate cohesin positioning and genome folding at fixed occupancy.Genome research · 2025Article
- Extrusion fountains are hallmarks of chromosome organization emerging upon zygotic genome activation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
102 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
During cell division, chromosomes are compacted in length by more than a 100-fold. A wide range of experiments demonstrated that in their compacted state, mammalian chromosomes form arrays of closely stacked consecutive ∼100 kb loops. The mechanism underlying the active process of chromosome compaction into a stack of loops is unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that chromosomes are compacted by enzymatic machines that actively extrude chromatin loops. When such loop-extruding factors (LEF) bind to chromosomes, they progressively bridge sites that are further away along the chromosome, thus extruding a loop. We demonstrate that collective action of LEFs leads to formation of a dynamic array of consecutive loops. Simulations and an analytically solved model identify two distinct steady states: a sparse state, where loops are highly dynamic but provide little compaction; and a dense state, where there are more stable loops and dramatic chromosome compaction. We find that human chromosomes operate at the border of the dense steady state. Our analysis also shows how the macroscopic characteristics of the loop array are determined by the microscopic properties of LEFs and their abundance. When the number of LEFs are used that match experimentally based estimates, the model can quantitatively reproduce the average loop length, the degree of compaction, and the general loop-array morphology of compact human chromosomes. Our study demonstrates that efficient chromosome compaction can be achieved solely by an active loop-extrusion process.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.