In vivo correlates of thermoregulatory defense in humans: Temporal course of sub-cortical and cortical responses assessed with fMRI.

Extensive studies in rodents have established the role of neural pathways that are activated during thermoregulation. However, few studies have been conducted in humans to assess the complex, hierarchically organized thermoregulatory network in the CNS that maintains thermal homeostasis, especially as it pertains to cold exposure. To study the human thermoregulatory network during whole body cold exposure, we have used functional MRI to characterize changes in the BOLD signal within the constituents of the thermoregulatory network in 20 young adult controls during non-noxious cooling and rewarming of the skin by a water-perfused body suit. Our results indicate significant decreases of BOLD signal during innocuous whole body cooling stimuli in the midbrain, the right anterior insula, the right anterior cingulate, and the right inferior parietal lobe. Whereas brain activation in these areas decreased during cold exposure, brain activation increased significantly in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex during this period. The BOLD signal time series derived from significant activation sites in the orbitofrontal cortex showed opposed phase to those observed in the other brain regions, suggesting complementary processing mechanisms during mild hypothermia. The significance of our findings lies in the recognition that whole body cooling evokes a response in a hierarchically organized thermoregulatory network that distinguishes between cold and warm stimuli. This network seems to generate a highly resolved interoceptive representation of the body's condition that provides input to the orbitofrontal cortex, where higher-order integration takes place and invests internal states with emotional significance that motivate behavior. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3188-3202, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.