ArticleInfection and immunity2016
Blastocystis Isolate B Exhibits Multiple Modes of Resistance against Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review about the Efficacy of Antiparasitic Agents in the Treatment of Blastocystis Species.Acta parasitologica · 2025Pooled it
- LL-37-based oral antimicrobial therapeutics: translational challenges and future directions-a narrative review.Odontology · 2026Review
- LL-37 selectively targets Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes and exhibits antimalarial activity.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Decoding Blastocystis-Driven Mechanisms in Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- An Update onMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- The influence of plant extracts on viability of ST3 and ST7 subtypes of Blastocystis sp.Gut pathogens · 2024Article
- Advances in the axenic isolation methods ofParasitology · 2024Review
- Colonization with ubiquitous protist Blastocystis ST1 ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and promotes beneficial microbiota and immune outcomes.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2023Article
- Infection with pathogenic Blastocystis ST7 is associated with decreased bacterial diversity and altered gut microbiome profiles in diarrheal patients.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Relationship Among Blastocystis, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio and Chronic Stress in Mexican University Students.Current microbiology · 2022Article
- The synthesis of extracellular vesicles by the protistan parasiteFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- The regulatory function ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- In vitro susceptibility of humanSaudi journal of biological sciences · 2021Article
- New insights into the interactions between Blastocystis, the gut microbiota, and host immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2021Review
- Anti-International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Interactions between a pathogenic Blastocystis subtype and gut microbiota: in vitro and in vivo studies.Microbiome · 2019Article
- Membrane Active Peptides and Their Biophysical Characterization.Biomolecules · 2018Review
- Membrane Surface Features ofGenes · 2018Article
- Viability Screen of LOPACAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Blastocystis is one of the most common eukaryotic organisms found in humans and many types of animals. Several reports have identified its role in gastrointestinal disorders, although its pathogenicity is yet to be clarified. Blastocystis is transmitted via the fecal-to-oral route and colonizes the large intestines. Epithelial cells lining the intestine secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including beta-defensins and cathelicidin, as a response to infection. This study explores the effects of host colonic antimicrobial peptides, particularly LL-37, a fragment of cathelicidin, on different Blastocystis subtypes. Blastocystis is composed of several subtypes that have genetic, metabolic, and biological differences. These subtypes also have various outcomes in terms of drug treatment and immune response. In this study, Blastocystis isolates from three different subtypes were found to induce intestinal epithelial cells to secrete LL-37. We also show that among the antimicrobial peptides tested, only LL-37 has broad activity on all the subtypes. LL-37 causes membrane disruption and causes Blastocystis to change shape. Blastocystis subtype 7 (ST7), however, showed relative resistance to LL-37. An isolate, ST7 isolate B (ST7-B), from this subtype releases proteases that can degrade the peptide. It also makes the environment acidic, which causes attenuation of LL-37 activity. The Blastocystis ST7-B isolate was also observed to have a thicker surface coat, which may protect the parasite from direct killing by LL-37. This study determined the effects of LL-37 on different Blastocystis isolates and indicates that AMPs have significant roles in Blastocystis infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.