ArticleBMC public health2016
The health gains and cost savings of dietary salt reduction interventions, with equity and age distributional aspects.
Article in BMC public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review of Social Marketing as a Behavior Change Agent in Salt Reduction.Global heart · 2025Pooled it
- Modelling health and economic impact of nutrition interventions: a systematic review.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Are Office-Based Workplace Interventions Designed to Reduce Sitting Time Cost-Effective Primary Prevention Measures for Cardiovascular Disease? A Systematic Review and Modelled Economic Evaluation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of salt reduction to prevent hypertension and CVD: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2017Pooled it
- The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (March-August 2016).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- Cost-Effectiveness of Salt Substitute and Salt Supply Restriction in Eldercare Facilities: The DECIDE-Salt Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Joint Expert Consensus on the Sodium Reduction Policy in Taiwan: A Collaborative Declaration by the Taiwan Hypertension Society (THS), Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC), International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), and Nutrition Society of Taiwan (NST).Acta Cardiologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Public health economic modelling in evaluations of salt and/or alcohol policies: a systematic scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Role of dietary potassium and salt substitution in the prevention and management of hypertension.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Review
- Predicting the risk of diabetes complications using machine learning and social administrative data in a country with ethnic inequities in health: Aotearoa New Zealand.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Development and validation of a scale to measure hypertensive Chinese individual's behavior toward salt reduction consumption.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The development of sodium reduction targets for New Zealand fast foods and a comparison with the current sodium contents of products.Journal of nutritional science · 2024Article
- Prioritization of intervention domains to prevent cardiovascular disease: a country-level case study using global burden of disease and local data.Population health metrics · 2023Article
- Using household economic survey data to assess food expenditure patterns and trends in a high-income country with notable health inequities.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A Global Review of National Strategies to Reduce Sodium Concentrations in Packaged Foods.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Review
- Comparing health gains, costs and cost-effectiveness of 100s of interventions in Australia and New Zealand: an online interactive league table.Population health metrics · 2022Review
- Disaggregating proportional multistate lifetables by population heterogeneity to estimate intervention impacts on inequalities.Population health metrics · 2022Article
- Simulation Modeling for the Economic Evaluation of Population-Based Dietary Policies: A Systematic Scoping Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Article
- Effect of reducing sodium chloride based on the sensory properties of meat products and the improvement strategies employed: a review.Journal of animal science and technology · 2021Review
- Impact of the 2003 to 2018 Population Salt Intake Reduction Program in England: A Modeling Study.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA "diet high in sodium" is the second most important dietary risk factor for health loss identified in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. We therefore aimed to model health gains and costs (savings) of salt reduction interventions related to salt substitution and maximum levels in bread, including by ethnicity and age. We also ranked these four interventions compared to eight other modelled interventions.
methodsA Markov macro-simulation model was used to estimate QALYs gained and net health system costs for four dietary sodium reduction interventions, discounted at 3 % per annum. The setting was New Zealand (NZ) (2.3 million adults, aged 35+ years) which has detailed individual-level administrative cost data.
resultsThe health gain was greatest for an intervention where most (59 %) of the sodium in processed foods was replaced by potassium and magnesium salts. This intervention gained 294,000 QALYs over the remaining lifetime of the cohort (95 % UI: 238,000 to 359,000; 0.13 QALY per 35+ year old). Such salt substitution also produced the highest net cost-savings of NZ$ 1.5 billion (US$ 1.0 billion) (95 % UI: NZ$ 1.1 to 2.0 billion). All interventions generated relatively larger per capita QALYs for men vs women and for the indigenous Māori population vs non-Māori (e.g., 0.16 vs 0.12 QALYs per adult for the 59 % salt substitution intervention). Of relevance to workforce productivity, in the first 10 years post-intervention, 22 % of the QALY gain was among those aged <65 years (and 37 % for those aged <70).
conclusionsThe benefits are consistent with the international literature, with large health gains and cost savings possible from some, but not all, sodium reduction interventions. Health gain appears likely to occur among working-age adults and all interventions contributed to reducing health inequalities.
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