ArticleScientific reports2016
Ectodomain Architecture Affects Sequence and Functional Evolution of Vertebrate Toll-like Receptors.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune receptors and aging brain.Bioscience reports · 2024Review
- Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Intrinsic Disorder in the Signaling Pathways Induced by Toll-Like Receptors.Biology · 2022Review
- Organic UV Filters Induce Toll-like-Receptors and Related Signaling Pathways in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- The Intriguing Role of TLR Accessory Molecules in Cardiovascular Health and Disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- Toll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- Variation in selection constraints on teleost TLRs with emphasis on their repertoire in the Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Evidence of Pathogen-Induced Immunogenetic Selection across the Large Geographic Range of a Wild Seabird.Molecular biology and evolution · 2020Article
- Cell Surface Expression of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors-A Necessity or a Superfluous Duplication?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Evolutionary History of the Toll-Like Receptor Gene Family across Vertebrates.Genome biology and evolution · 2020Article
- Genetic diversity of toll-like receptor genes in the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes).PloS one · 2020Article
- Beyond defense: regulation of neuronal morphogenesis and brain functions via Toll-like receptors.Journal of biomedical science · 2019Review
- Toll-Like Receptor Evolution in Birds: Gene Duplication, Pseudogenization, and Diversifying Selection.Molecular biology and evolution · 2018Article
- Characterization of the TLR Family inFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of innate immunity that specifically recognize diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns from pathogens. The continuous hydrogen-bond network (asparagine ladder) formed among the asparagine residues on the concave surfaces of neighboring leucine-rich repeat modules assists in stabilizing the overall shape of TLR ectodomains responsible for ligand recognition. Analysis of 28 types of vertebrate TLRs showed that their ectodomains possessed three types of architectures: a single-domain architecture with an intact asparagine ladder, a three-domain architecture with the ladder interrupted in the middle, and a trans-three-domain architecture with the ladder broken in both termini. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, the three vertebrate TLR architectures arose during early evolution. The 1428 vertebrate TLRs can be divided into eight families based on sequence and structural differences. TLRs ligand specificities are affected by their ectodomain architectures. Three-domain TLRs bind hydrophobic ligands, whereas single-domain and trans-three-domain TLRs mainly recognize hydrophilic ligands. Analysis of 39 vertebrate genomes suggested that the number of single-domain TLR genes in terrestrial vertebrate genomes decreased by half compared to aquatic vertebrate genomes. Single-domain TLR genes underwent stronger purifying selective pressures than three-domain TLR genes in mammals. Overall, ectodomain architecture influences the sequence and functional evolution of vertebrate TLRs.
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