ArticleScientific reports2016
Investigating causality in the association between 25(OH)D and schizophrenia.
Article in Scientific reports, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D and human health: evidence from Mendelian randomization studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Applications of Mendelian randomization in psychiatry: a comprehensive systematic review.Psychiatric genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Observational Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials, and Mendelian Randomization Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Blood copper and risk of cardiometabolic diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.Human molecular genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Health Outcomes: State-of-the-Art Review of Triangulated Evidence and Ongoing Controversies.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with Parkinson's disease based on the results from the NHANES 2007 to 2018 and Mendelian randomization analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2024Article
- Vitamin D and suicidality: a Chinese early adolescent cohort and Mendelian randomization study.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Article
- The role of latitude and infections in the month-of-birth effect linked to schizophrenia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
- Serum vitamin D level in patients with schizophrenia: A community-based study.The Indian journal of medical research · 2022Article
- The Effect of Circulating Zinc, Selenium, Copper and Vitamin KNutrients · 2022Article
- The psychotropic effect of vitamin D supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms.BMC psychiatry · 2021Article
- Vitamin D in the time of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic - a clinical review from a public health and public mental health perspective.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2021Review
- Genetically predicted serum vitamin D and COVID-19: a Mendelian randomisation study.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2021Article
- Vitamin D polygenic score is associated with neuroticism and the general psychopathology factor.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2020Article
- Mendelian randomisation for nutritional psychiatry.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2020Review
- Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions.Endocrine reviews · 2019Review
- Schizophrenia risk and reproductive success: a Mendelian randomization study.Royal Society open science · 2019Article
- Assessing the Role of Selenium in Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. However, it is not known whether this association is causal or what the direction of causality is. We performed two sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly associated with serum 25(OH)D to investigate the causal effect of 25(OH)D on risk of schizophrenia, and SNPs robustly associated with schizophrenia to investigate the causal effect of schizophrenia on 25(OH)D. We used summary data from genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses of schizophrenia and 25(OH)D to obtain betas and standard errors for the SNP-exposure and SNP-outcome associations. These were combined using inverse variance weighted fixed effects meta-analyses. In 34,241 schizophrenia cases and 45,604 controls, there was no clear evidence for a causal effect of 25(OH)D on schizophrenia risk. The odds ratio for schizophrenia per 10% increase in 25(OH)D conferred by the four 25(OH)D increasing SNPs was 0.992 (95% CI: 0.969 to 1.015). In up to 16,125 individuals with measured serum 25(OH)D, there was no clear evidence that genetic risk for schizophrenia causally lowers serum 25(OH)D. These findings suggest that associations between schizophrenia and serum 25(OH)D may not be causal. Therefore, vitamin D supplementation may not prevent schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.