SynthesisThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2016
Global epidemiology of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans, 1997-2015: a systematic review of individual case data.
Synthesis in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 154 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
154 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Estimates of epidemiological parameters for H5N1 influenza in humans: a rapid review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Practices Exposing Humans to Avian Influenza Viruses, Their Prevalence, and Rationale.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2017Pooled it
- Avian influenza in Latin America: A systematic review of serological and molecular studies from 2000-2015.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Mapping Reported Modes of Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) to Humans: A Scoping Review.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Surveillance and cross-species transmission assessment of H3NX avian influenza viruses isolated in Guangdong province, China from 2023 to 2025.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Assessment of influenza virus and coronavirus tropism, replication competence and disease severity inThe Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Human infections with avian influenza A(H5) viruses with potential pandemic risk: 1997-2025.National science review · 2026Article
- Respirable Aerosol Production and Reduction of Avian Influenza Transmission Risk during Chicken Processing, Bangladesh.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Emergence, spread, and impact of high-pathogenicity avian influenza H5 in wild birds and mammals of South America and Antarctica.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Review
- Epidemiology and Risk Modelling of Influenza A Virus Within and Between Pig Herds in Northern Lao PDR.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Pan-continental spillover risk: integrated spatiotemporal, transmissibility and surveillance analysis of avian influenza a(H5N1) in Africa.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Cultural and behavioural drivers of zoonotic disease risk along the wild meat value chain in rural Cameroon.PloS one · 2026Article
- Avian influenza and coronaviruses in live animal and wet markets in Laos: prevalence and public health considerations.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Expanding Horizons: Host Range Evolution and Treatment Strategies for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 and H7N9.Viruses · 2025Review
- Deep learning predicts potential reassortments of avian H5N1 with human influenza viruses.National science review · 2025Article
- Influenza H5Nx viruses are susceptible to MEK1/2 inhibition by zapnometinib.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Modelling a potential zoonotic spillover event of H5N1 influenza.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Investigating environmental determinants and spatiotemporal dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in India through machine learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Asymptomatic Human Infections With Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Confirmed by Molecular and Serologic Testing: A Scoping Review.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Influenza surveillance and vaccine policy in Thailand-a historical perspective.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Review
94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses have caused many, typically severe, human infections since the first human case was reported in 1997. However, no comprehensive epidemiological analysis of global human cases of H5N1 from 1997 to 2015 exists. Moreover, few studies have examined in detail the changing epidemiology of human H5N1 cases in Egypt, especially given the outbreaks since November, 2014, which have the highest number of cases ever reported worldwide in a similar period. Data on individual patients were collated from different sources using a systematic approach to describe the global epidemiology of 907 human H5N1 cases between May, 1997, and April, 2015. The number of affected countries rose between 2003 and 2008, with expansion from east and southeast Asia, then to west Asia and Africa. Most cases (67·2%) occurred from December to March, and the overall case-fatality risk was 483 (53·5%) of 903 cases which varied across geographical regions. Although the incidence in Egypt has increased dramatically since November, 2014, compared with the cases beforehand, there were no significant differences in the fatality risk, history of exposure to poultry, history of patient contact, and time from onset to hospital admission in the recent cases.
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