ArticleOncotarget2016
Quantitation of TGF-β proteins in mouse tissues shows reciprocal changes in TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 in normal vs neoplastic mammary epithelium.
Article in Oncotarget, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Compensatory relationships determine the impact of TGF-β on the humoral immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Engineering DNA Origami Captors for TGFβ1 Sequestration to Enhance Tumor Immune Modulation and Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Revisiting the TGFβ paradox: insights from HPV-driven cancer and the DNA damage response.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- TGFβ in malignant canine mammary tumors: relation with angiogenesis, immunologic markers and prognostic role.The veterinary quarterly · 2024Article
- Advances and Challenges in Targeting TGF-β Isoforms for Therapeutic Intervention of Cancer: A Mechanism-Based Perspective.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- CDCA5 promoted cell invasion and migration by activating TGF-β1 pathway in human ovarian cancer cells.Journal of ovarian research · 2024Article
- Commensal skin bacteria exacerbate inflammation and delay skin healing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- TGF-β broadly modifies rather than specifically suppresses reactivated memory CD8 T cells in a dose-dependent manner.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Two murine models of sepsis: immunopathological differences between the sexes-possible role of TGFβ1 in female resistance to endotoxemia.Biological research · 2023Article
- The Role of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway in Gastrointestinal Cancers.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- TGF-β uncouples glycolysis and inflammation in macrophages and controls survival during sepsis.Science signaling · 2023Article
- Progress in Research on Key Factors Regulating Lactation Initiation in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows.Genes · 2023Review
- Anti-TGF-β1 aptamer enhances therapeutic effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib, on non-small cell lung cancer in xenograft model.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2022Article
- Exploiting Canonical TGFβ Signaling in Cancer Treatment.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2022Review
- Intercellular coupling between peripheral circadian oscillators by TGF-β signaling.Science advances · 2021Article
- Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Functional Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) Activity and Benefit of TGFβ Inhibition in Irradiated Intracranial Tumors.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2021Article
- Targeting TGFβ signal transduction for cancer therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Review
- TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2021Review
- Nonclinical Development of SRK-181: An Anti-Latent TGFβ1 Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors.International journal of toxicologyArticle
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) regulate tissue homeostasis, and their expression is perturbed in many diseases. The three isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3) have similar bioactivities in vitro but show distinct activities in vivo. Little quantitative information exists for expression of TGF-β isoform proteins in physiology or disease. We developed an optimized method to quantitate protein levels of the three isoforms, using a Luminex® xMAP®-based multianalyte assay following acid-ethanol extraction of tissues. Analysis of multiple tissues and plasma from four strains of adult mice showed that TGF-β1 is the predominant isoform with TGF-β2 being ~10-fold lower. There were no sex-specific differences in isoform expression, but some tissues showed inter-strain variation, particularly for TGF-β2. The only adult tissue expressing appreciable TGF-β3 was the mammary gland, where its levels were comparable to TGF-β1. In situ hybridization showed the luminal epithelium as the major source of all TGF-β isoforms in the normal mammary gland. TGF-β1 protein was 3-8-fold higher in three murine mammary tumor models than in normal mammary gland, while TGF-β3 protein was 2-3-fold lower in tumors than normal tissue, suggesting reciprocal regulation of these isoforms in mammary tumorigenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.