Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27199197›Full record

ReviewYearbook of medical informatics2016

Electronic Health Records: Then, Now, and in the Future.

R S Evans

Abstract readHistorical ArticleReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Yearbook of medical informatics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 293 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
293citing papers in PubMed, 14 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

293 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Application of Discrete Event Simulation Models for COPD Management: A Systematic Review.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2025
    Pooled it
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  6. The utility of website-based quality improvement tools for health professionals: a systematic review.International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care · 2024
    Pooled it
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  10. A Systematic Review of Electronic Medical Record Driven Quality Measurement and Feedback Systems.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Pooled it
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  13. Which Electronic Health Record System Should We Use? A Systematic Review.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2022
    Pooled it
  14. Pooled it
  15. Article
  16. MES: A Multi-Agent Evidence Synthesis System for Medical Decision-Making.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  17. Person-Centered Technology for Older Adults: Benefits, Limitations, and Considerations in Design and Use.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

233 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

R S EvansR. Scott Evans, MS, PhD, FACMI, Department of Medical Informatics, LDS Hospital, 8th Ave & C Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143, USA, Tel: +1 801 408-3029, Fax: +1 801 408-5802, E-mail: rscott.evans@imail.org.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesDescribe the state of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in 1992 and their evolution by 2015 and where EHRs are expected to be in 25 years. Further to discuss the expectations for EHRs in 1992 and explore which of them were realized and what events accelerated or disrupted/derailed how EHRs evolved.

methodsLiterature search based on "Electronic Health Record", "Medical Record", and "Medical Chart" using Medline, Google, Wikipedia Medical, and Cochrane Libraries resulted in an initial review of 2,356 abstracts and other information in papers and books. Additional papers and books were identified through the review of references cited in the initial review.

resultsBy 1992, hardware had become more affordable, powerful, and compact and the use of personal computers, local area networks, and the Internet provided faster and easier access to medical information. EHRs were initially developed and used at academic medical facilities but since most have been replaced by large vendor EHRs. While EHR use has increased and clinicians are being prepared to practice in an EHR-mediated world, technical issues have been overshadowed by procedural, professional, social, political, and especially ethical issues as well as the need for compliance with standards and information security. There have been enormous advancements that have taken place, but many of the early expectations for EHRs have not been realized and current EHRs still do not meet the needs of today's rapidly changing healthcare environment.

conclusionThe current use of EHRs initiated by new technology would have been hard to foresee. Current and new EHR technology will help to provide international standards for interoperable applications that use health, social, economic, behavioral, and environmental data to communicate, interpret, and act intelligently upon complex healthcare information to foster precision medicine and a learning health system.

Indexed as

Computer SystemsDecision Support Systems, ClinicalElectronic Health RecordsForecastingHistory, 20th CenturyHistory, 21st CenturyHumansElectronic Health Recordmedical chartmedical record

Identifiers

PMID27199197
PMCPMC5171496

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.