ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2016
Soy-based Infant Formula Feeding and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Among Young African American Women.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, perceived stress, and miscarriage risk in a cohort of US Black women.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure disrupts uterine epithelial apical-basal polarity and partial EMT state.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with uterine leiomyomata incidence and growth: a prospective ultrasound study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Traditional and Domestic Cooking Dramatically Reduce Estrogenic Isoflavones in Soy Foods.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Phytoestrogens and Health Effects.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Soy-Based Infant Formula Feeding and Uterine Fibroid Development in a Prospective Ultrasound Study of Black/African-American Women.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2022Review
- An Epidemiologic Review of Menstrual Blood Loss as an Excretion Route for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.Current environmental health reports · 2022Review
- Developmental exposure to phytoestrogens found in soy: New findings and clinical implications.Biochemical pharmacology · 2022Review
- Correlates of plasma concentrations of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances among reproductive-aged Black women.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Early genistein exposure of California mice and effects on the gut microbiota-brain axis.The Journal of endocrinology · 2019Article
- Soy-based infant formula feeding and menstrual pain in a cohort of women aged 23-35 years.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2019Article
- A Longitudinal Study of Estrogen-Responsive Tissues and Hormone Concentrations in Infants Fed Soy Formula.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2018Article
- Environmental factors, epigenetics, and developmental origin of reproductive disorders.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2017Review
- Soy-Based Therapeutic Baby Formulas: Testable Hypotheses Regarding the Pros and Cons.Frontiers in nutrition · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPhytoestrogen exposure from soy formula feeding during infancy may disrupt reproductive system development, resulting in altered menstrual bleeding in adulthood.
methodsWe investigated this relationship in a cohort of 1,696 young African American women using enrollment data from the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, & Fibroids (2010-2012). Questionnaire data on soy formula feeding were available for 1,553 participants, 89% based on mother's report. Menstrual bleeding outcomes including those indicative of heavy menstrual bleeding were ascertained by interview. We estimated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between soy formula feeding and menstrual bleeding outcomes using log-binomial regression and log-multinomial regression, comparing participants ever fed and never fed soy formula.
resultsWe observed associations between soy formula feeding and variables indicating a history of heavy menstrual bleeding, including ever experiencing heavy, gushing-type bleeding (RR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.4), ever use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for heavy bleeding (RR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.6), and ever use of a contraceptive method for heavy bleeding (RR: 1.2, 95% CI, 0.9, 1.6). Among the subset of participants with menses in the past year who did not use medication that may alter menstrual flow (n = 762), our data suggested that soy formula feeding was associated with heavier flow and the adverse impact of menstrual bleeding on quality of life, but CIs were wide.
conclusionsOur data suggested that soy formula feeding is associated with heavy menstrual bleeding. Our results support the idea that infancy is a susceptible developmental window for female reproductive function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.