ArticleAmerican journal of public health2016
Minimum Ages of Legal Access for Tobacco in the United States From 1863 to 2015.
Article in American journal of public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A content analysis of popular media reporting regarding increases in minimum ages of legal access for tobacco.BMC public health · 2018Pooled it
- Effectiveness of signage in preventing adolescents and young adults from accessing e-cigarettes in retail stores: a discrete-choice experiment.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of Tobacco 21 policies and youth tobacco use: implications for future policy research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- The Changing Relationship Between Hobby Engagement and Substance Use in Young People: Latent Growth Modelling of the Add Health Cohort.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2025Article
- The effect of vertical identification card laws on teenage tobacco and alcohol use.Health economics · 2024Article
- A review of the landscape of state Tobacco 21 laws: Key components, research challenges, and future directions.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Parental Divorce in Childhood and the Accelerated Epigenetic Aging for Earlier and Later Cohorts: Role of Mediators of Chronic Depressive Symptoms, Education, Smoking, Obesity, and Own Marital Disruption.Journal of population ageing · 2024Article
- Advocacy counterstrategies to tobacco industry interference in policymaking: a scoping review of peer-reviewed literature.Globalization and health · 2023Article
- Gun Control for Health: A Public Health of Consequence, December 2022.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Do demographic and socioeconomic characteristics underpin differences in youth smoking initiation across Canadian provinces? Evidence from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015-2018).Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2022Article
- Relapse to problem drinking or trading up to spirits? Using U.S. national cross-sectional survey data to highlight possible negative impacts of potential tobacco retail changes.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2022Article
- Policy and Behavior: Comparisons between Twitter Discussions about the US Tobacco 21 Law and Other Age-Related Behaviors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Do Longitudinal Trends in Tobacco 21-Related Media Coverage Correlate with Policy Support? an Exploratory Analysis Using Supervised and Unsupervised Machine Learning Methods.Health communication · 2022Article
- The Emergence of the Tobacco 21 Movement From Needham, Massachusetts, to Throughout the United States (2003-2019).American journal of public health · 2019Article
- Trends in Tobacco Product Use Patterns Among U.S. Youth, 1999-2014.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018Article
- Dynamic transitions between marijuana use and cigarette smoking among US adolescents and emerging adults.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2018Article
- Early life exposure to cigarette smoking and adult and old-age male mortality: Evidence from linked US full-count census and mortality data.Demographic researchArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the United States, state laws establish a minimum age of legal access (MLA) for most tobacco products at 18 years. We reviewed the history of these laws with internal tobacco industry documents and newspaper archives from 1860 to 2014. The laws appeared in the 1880s; by 1920, half of states had set MLAs of at least 21 years. After 1920, tobacco industry lobbying eroded them to between 16 and 18 years. By the 1980s, the tobacco industry viewed restoration of higher MLAs as a critical business threat. The industry's political advocacy reflects its assessment that recruiting youth smokers is critical to its survival. The increasing evidence on tobacco addiction suggests that restoring MLAs to 21 years would reduce smoking initiation and prevalence, particularly among those younger than 18 years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.