ArticlePloS one2016
Identifying Risk Factors for Recent HIV Infection in Kenya Using a Recent Infection Testing Algorithm: Results from a Nationally Representative Population-Based Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of HIV Recency Assays for HIV Incidence Estimation and Other Surveillance Use Cases: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Viral Suppression Following Same-day Initiation Antiretroviral Therapy among Persons Aware of their Classification as Recent or Long-term Infected with HIV Per Recent Infection Testing Algorithm, Rwanda 2021-2022.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Characterization of health indices and socio-demographic correlates of HIV infection recency among newly diagnosed patients in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HIV-1 infection recency among individuals newly diagnosed with HIV in Greater Gaborone, Botswana.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Continuous quality evaluation of the Asanté rapid test for recent infection for robust kit lot quality verification.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence and association of HIV and tuberculosis status in older adults in South Africa: an urgent need to escalate the scientific and political attention to aging and health.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Risk Factors for Recent HIV Infections among Adults in 14 Countries in Africa Identified by Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Surveys, 2015-2019.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- HIV Incidence, Recent HIV Infection, and Associated Factors, Kenya, 2007-2018.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2023Article
- Recent HIV Infection: Diagnosis and Public Health Implications.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- Article
- Performance evaluation of the Asante Rapid Recency Assay for verification of HIV diagnosis and detection of recent HIV-1 infections: Implications for epidemic control.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- A Comprehensive Approach to Assuring Quality of Laboratory Testing in HIV Surveys: Lessons Learned From the Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Project.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2021Article
- Article
- Can HIV recent infection surveillance help us better understand where primary prevention efforts should be targeted? Results of three pilots integrating a recent infection testing algorithm into routine programme activities in Kenya and Zimbabwe.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Article
- Different Re-centrifugation Conditions for Infectious Disease Screening Using the Abbott I2000.Current medical science · 2020Article
- Article
- Network context matters: graph convolutional network model over social networks improves the detection of unknown HIV infections among young men who have sex with men.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionA recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) that can distinguish recent from long-standing HIV infection can be applied to nationally representative population-based surveys to characterize and identify risk factors for recent infection in a country. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe applied a RITA using the Limiting Antigen Avidity Enzyme Immunoassay (LAg) on stored HIV-positive samples from the 2007 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey. The case definition for recent infection included testing recent on LAg and having no evidence of antiretroviral therapy use. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with recent and long-standing infection compared to HIV-uninfected persons. All estimates were weighted to adjust for sampling probability and nonresponse.
resultsOf 1,025 HIV-antibody-positive specimens, 64 (6.2%) met the case definition for recent infection and 961 (93.8%) met the case definition for long-standing infection. Compared to HIV-uninfected individuals, factors associated with higher adjusted odds of recent infection were living in Nairobi (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 11.37; confidence interval [CI] 2.64-48.87) and Nyanza (AOR 4.55; CI 1.39-14.89) provinces compared to Western province; being widowed (AOR 8.04; CI 1.42-45.50) or currently married (AOR 6.42; CI 1.55-26.58) compared to being never married; having had ≥ 2 sexual partners in the last year (AOR 2.86; CI 1.51-5.41); not using a condom at last sex in the past year (AOR 1.61; CI 1.34-1.93); reporting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis or symptoms of STI in the past year (AOR 1.97; CI 1.05-8.37); and being aged <30 years with: 1) HSV-2 infection (AOR 8.84; CI 2.62-29.85), 2) male genital ulcer disease (AOR 8.70; CI 2.36-32.08), or 3) lack of male circumcision (AOR 17.83; CI 2.19-144.90). Compared to HIV-uninfected persons, factors associated with higher adjusted odds of long-standing infection included living in Coast (AOR 1.55; CI 1.04-2.32) and Nyanza (AOR 2.33; CI 1.67-3.25) provinces compared to Western province; being separated/divorced (AOR 1.87; CI 1.16-3.01) or widowed (AOR 2.83; CI 1.78-4.45) compared to being never married; having ever used a condom (AOR 1.61; CI 1.34-1.93); and having a STI diagnosis or symptoms of STI in the past year (AOR 1.89; CI 1.20-2.97). Factors associated with lower adjusted odds of long-standing infection included using a condom at last sex in the past year (AOR 0.47; CI 0.36-0.61), having no HSV2-infection at aged <30 years (AOR 0.38; CI 0.20-0.75) or being an uncircumcised male aged <30 years (AOR 0.30; CI 0.15-0.61).
conclusionWe identified factors associated with increased risk of recent and longstanding HIV infection using a RITA applied to blood specimens collected in a nationally representative survey. Though some false-recent cases may have been present in our sample, the correlates of recent infection identified were epidemiologically and biologically plausible. These methods can be used as a model for other countries with similar epidemics to inform targeted combination prevention strategies aimed to drastically decrease new infections in the population.
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