ArticleBMJ open2016
Capillary blood islet autoantibody screening for identifying pre-type 1 diabetes in the general population: design and initial results of the Fr1da study.
Article in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of screening programmes for type 1 diabetes in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Pooled it
- Polish Recommendations for the Early Detection of Type 1 Diabetes in the Pediatric Population: A Position Statement of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and the Pediatric Section of the Diabetes Poland 2026.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2026Guideline
- The Prevalence of Islet Autoantibodies in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Global Scoping Review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of High-Dose Oral Insulin in Children With Stage 1 Type 1 Diabetes: The Fr1da Insulin Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial.Diabetes care · 2026Trial
- Universal capillary screening for chronic autoimmune, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: feasibility and acceptability of the UNISCREEN study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Trial
- A UK Healthcare Professional Perspective on the Implementation of Monitoring in Children and Young People With Early-Stage Type 1 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- International consensus guidance for general population screening for islet autoantibodies to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes: a nominal group technique process.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Serum-derived microribonucleic acids as potential novel biomarkers for slowly progressive type 1 diabetes mellitus.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Improved prediction of symptomatic type 1 diabetes using a luciferase-based assay to measure (pro)insulin autoantibodies.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Observational
- Screening of pre-type 1 diabetes in high-risk paediatric population: a pilot study in Latvia.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
- The Risk of Disease Progression of Type 1 Diabetes in First-Degree Relatives of People With Type 1 Diabetes: Design and Rationale of a Prospective, Longitudinal Study in China.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Teplizumab in Stage 2 Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Practice Experience on Feasibility in 3 Adult Patients.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- An international consensus on screening and monitoring early-stage type 1 diabetes: A roadmap to European implementation.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- The First Selective Screening for Type 1 Diabetes in a Pediatric Population in Bulgaria.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Interlaboratory Evaluation of Multiplex Autoantibody Assay Performance in the Islet Autoantibody Standardization Program 2024 Workshop.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Screening for diabetes mellitus type 1 in the pediatric general population: an ethical analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Review
- Early Detection of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: The Expanding Role of Screening.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Stratifying the Rate of Disease Progression by Progression Likelihood Scores in Children and Adolescents With Stage 1 and Stage 2 Type 1 Diabetes in Germany.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Ketoacidosis in new-onset type 1 diabetes: return to pre-COVID-19 pandemic reality?Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2026Observational
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus prevention: present and future.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionType 1 diabetes can be diagnosed at an early presymptomatic stage by the detection of islet autoantibodies. The Fr1da study aims to assess whether early staging of type 1 diabetes (1) is feasible at a population-based level, (2) prevents severe metabolic decompensation observed at the clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes and (3) reduces psychological distress through preventive teaching and care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Children aged 2-5 years in Bavaria, Germany, will be tested for the presence of multiple islet autoantibodies. Between February 2015 and December 2016, 100 000 children will be screened by primary care paediatricians. Islet autoantibodies are measured in capillary blood samples using a multiplex three-screen ELISA. Samples with ELISA results >97.5th centile are retested using reference radiobinding assays. A venous blood sample is also obtained to confirm the autoantibody status of children with at least two autoantibodies. Children with confirmed multiple islet autoantibodies are diagnosed with pre-type 1 diabetes. These children and their parents are invited to participate in an education and counselling programme at a local diabetes centre. Depression and anxiety, and burden of early diagnosis are also assessed.
resultsOf the 1027 Bavarian paediatricians, 39.3% are participating in the study. Overall, 26 760 children have been screened between February 2015 and November 2015. Capillary blood collection was sufficient in volume for islet autoantibody detection in 99.46% of the children. The remaining 0.54% had insufficient blood volume collected. Of the 26 760 capillary samples tested, 0.39% were positive for at least two islet autoantibodies. DISCUSSION: Staging for early type 1 diabetes within a public health setting appears to be feasible. The study may set new standards for the early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and education. ETHICS DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the ethics committee of Technische Universität München (Nr. 70/14).
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