ReviewImmunity2016
CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy.
Review in Immunity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 578 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
578 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 920 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prostate cancer and CAR-T therapy: a systematic review.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Beta-Glucan Supplementation Improves Clinical Outcomes and Preserves Immune Homeostasis in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors Receiving Chemotherapy: A Prospective Phase II Randomized Three-Arm Clinical Trial.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Neoadjuvant anti-programmed death-1 immunotherapy by pembrolizumab in resectable non-small cell lung cancer: results of the NEOMUN trial.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- CRISPRa screen unveils noncanonical NF-κB to boost the antitumor activity of TCR-based CAR-T cells.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Heart-specific T cell responses: from antigens to disease mechanisms.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Molecular Architecture and Clinical Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Programmable CAR-engaging particles rewire human CAR T-cell signaling for sustainable ex vivo expansion.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Phase 1/1b open-label, first-in-human study of HER2×CD3×CD28 trispecific T-cell engager (SAR443216) in participants with R/R HER2-expressing solid tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Dynamic cellular programs of human cardiac allograft rejection revealed by spatial transcriptomics.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- C-terminal CD28 phosphorylation, pY218, modulates IL-2 secretion and therapeutic effect of CAR-T cells.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Cell surface ADGRG1 and CD86 expression identifies antitumor CD4Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- A "scan and stop" assay identifies CD40 and CD70 as selective regulators of T-cell arrest on APCs.Life science alliance · 2026Article
- Targeting colorectal cancer and T‑cell metabolism for the treatment of colorectal cancer (Review).Oncology reports · 2026Review
- Targeted clearance of senescent cells alleviates alcohol-associated liver disease by restoring cellular function and immune balance.GeroScience · 2026Article
- CD3, CD28, TCRαβ expression and IL-2 production in a spontaneous glycosylphosphatidylinositol-deficient Jurkat T cell line.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms, optimization strategies, and salvage options for CAR-T cell therapy.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- MiR-139 modulates CD8iScience · 2026Article
- Microfluidic Precision Engineered Artificial GARP Presenting Cells for Regulatory T-Cell Induction.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Precision Immunoregulation in transplantation: The rise of engineered Treg therapies.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
518 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure, and biochemistry of CD28 and its ligands. CD28 signals play a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation. CD28 ligation leads to unique epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational changes in T cells that cannot be recapitulated by TCR ligation alone. We discuss the function of CD28 and its ligands in both effector and regulatory T cells. CD28 is critical for regulatory T cell survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We outline the roles that CD28 and its family members play in human disease and we review the clinical efficacy of drugs that block CD28 ligands. Despite the centrality of CD28 and its family members and ligands to immune function, many aspects of CD28 biology remain unclear. Translation of a basic understanding of CD28 function into immunomodulatory therapeutics has been uneven, with both successes and failures. Such real-world results might stem from multiple factors, including complex receptor-ligand interactions among CD28 family members, differences between the mouse and human CD28 families, and cell-type specific roles of CD28 family members.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.