ReviewDrug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals2016
Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine N-Oxide, a Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 (FMO3)-Mediated Host-Microbiome Metabolic Axis Implicated in Health and Disease.
Review in Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 206 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
206 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 350 citations in OpenAlex.
- The microbiota-gut-brain-epigenome axis as a novel therapeutic target for decoding postpartum depression.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Association of maternal gut microbial metabolites with gestational diabetes mellitus: evidence from an original case-control study, meta-analysis, and Mendelian randomization.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Modulation of Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentrations by Dietary Supplements and Pharmacological Agents: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of acarbose and vildagliptin on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 6-month, two-arm randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Trial
- A red wine intervention does not modify plasma trimethylamine N-oxide but is associated with broad shifts in the plasma metabolome and gut microbiota composition.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Effects of high intake of cod or salmon on gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids in overweight adults: a randomised clinical trial.European journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Effects of probiotic supplementation on serum trimethylamine-N-oxide level and gut microbiota composition in young males: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) exposures exert a sustained influence on the progression of gut microbiota and metabolome in the first year of life.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- TMAO, creatine and 1-methylhistidine in serum and urine are potential biomarkers of cod and salmon intake: a randomised clinical trial in adults with overweight or obesity.European journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Effects of Grape Pomace Polyphenolic Extract (TaurisoloNutrients · 2019Trial
- Review
- Targeting FMO3 suppresses the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer: evidence from bioinformatics to functional experiments.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Article
- Trimethylamine N-oxide in exercise physiology: a gut microbiota-derived signal linking metabolic stress, redox balance and cardiometabolic health.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
- β-cell FMO3-produced TMAO prevents NF-κB-mediated senescence and inflammation in ageing and diabetic conditions.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota-Derived TMAO Drives MC3T3-E1 Senescence and Osteogenic Dysfunction via cGAS-STING-NF-κB Signaling: Implications for Age-Related Bone Loss.Calcified tissue international · 2026Article
- Clinical significance of gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota, Diet and Lipid Metabolism in Adolescents with NAFLD and Their Role in Preventive Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Time Exposure and Fat Mass Reduction Drive Trimethylamine N-Oxide Modulation During a Very-Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT) in Women with Obesity.Metabolites · 2026Article
146 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is known primarily as an enzyme involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs. On a daily basis, however, we are exposed to one of the most abundant substrates of the enzyme trimethylamine (TMA), which is released from various dietary components by the action of gut bacteria. FMO3 converts the odorous TMA to nonodorous TMA N-oxide (TMAO), which is excreted in urine. Impaired FMO3 activity gives rise to the inherited disorder primary trimethylaminuria (TMAU). Affected individuals cannot produce TMAO and, consequently, excrete large amounts of TMA. A dysbiosis in gut bacteria can give rise to secondary TMAU. Recently, there has been much interest in FMO3 and its catalytic product, TMAO, because TMAO has been implicated in various conditions affecting health, including cardiovascular disease, reverse cholesterol transport, and glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this review, we consider the dietary components that can give rise to TMA, the gut bacteria involved in the production of TMA from dietary precursors, the metabolic reactions by which bacteria produce and use TMA, and the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. Also included is information on bacteria that produce TMA in the oral cavity and vagina, two key microbiome niches that can influence health. Finally, we discuss the importance of the TMA/TMAO microbiome-host axis in health and disease, considering factors that affect bacterial production and host metabolism of TMA, the involvement of TMAO and FMO3 in disease, and the implications of the host-microbiome axis for management of TMAU.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.