SynthesisAnnals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials2016
What proportion of Salmonella Typhi cases are detected by blood culture? A systematic literature review.
Synthesis in Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Typhoid Fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Systematic Review, 1990-2021.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative accuracy of typhoid diagnostic tools: A Bayesian latent-class network analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Blood Sample Volume and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Pooled it
- Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Programmatic Effectiveness of a Pediatric Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Campaign in Navi Mumbai, India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- Typhoid conjugate vaccine effectiveness in Malawi: evaluation of a test-negative design using randomised, controlled clinical trial data.The Lancet. Global health · 2023Trial
- Evaluation of gene markers invA, phsB, and tviA for detection of Salmonella Typhi by SYBR GreenMolecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Use of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Hemolysin E and Lipopolysaccharide IgA to Identify Enteric Fever Cases, South Asia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Quorum-sensing, microbiome interactions, and emerging artificial intelligence-assisted anti-virulence strategies in Salmonella Typhi: a critical review of translational opportunities and challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Epidemiologic trends, diagnostic limitations, and public health challenges of enteric fever in sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review.IJID regions · 2026Review
- The Potential of Bioinformatics in Revolutionizing Disease Diagnosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of salmonella species producing extended spectrum beta lactamases as predictor of multidrug resistance in a tertiary hospital, Southeastern Nigeria.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Validation of stool and blood analysis compared to Inv A and ttr based direct blood qPCR assay as diagnostic tools for typhoid fever.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Salmonella typhi Bacteremia With Infective Fasciitis and Psoas Abscess: A Rare and Challenging Presentation.Cureus · 2025Article
- The TyphiNET data visualisation dashboard: unlocking Salmonella Typhi genomics data to support public health.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and trends of notified enteric fevers in Germany, 2001 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Colorimetric CRISPR Biosensor: A Case Study with Salmonella Typhi.ACS sensors · 2025Article
- Developing a clinical prediction model to modify empirical antibiotics for non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infection in children under-five in the Democratic Republic of Congo.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Field Effectiveness of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: The 2018 Navi Mumbai Pediatric TCV Campaign.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Gastrointestinal Ultrasound in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Blood culture is often used in definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever while, bone marrow culture has a greater sensitivity and considered reference standard. The sensitivity of blood culture measured against bone marrow culture results in measurement bias because both tests are not fully sensitive. Here we propose a combination of the two cultures as a reference to define true positive S. Typhi cases. Based on a systematic literature review, we identified ten papers that had performed blood and bone marrow culture for S. Typhi in same subjects. We estimated the weighted mean of proportion of cases detected by culture measured against true S. Typhi positive cases using a random effects model. Of 529 true positive S. Typhi cases, 61 % (95 % CI 52-70 %) and 96 % (95 % CI 93-99 %) were detected by blood and bone marrow cultures respectively. Blood culture sensitivity was 66 % (95 % CI 56-75 %) when compared with bone marrow culture results. The use of blood culture sensitivity as a proxy measure to estimate the proportion of typhoid fever cases detected by blood culture is likely to be an underestimate. As blood culture sensitivity is used as a correction factor in estimating typhoid disease burden, epidemiologists and policy makers should account for the underestimation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.