Observational studyBMJ open2016
Geographical variation in glaucoma prescribing trends in England 2008-2012: an observational ecological study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regional variation and trends in prostaglandin analogue prescribing for glaucoma in England 2019-2024.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Glaucoma treatment and deprivation: time-series analysis of general practice prescribing in England.BJGP open · 2024Article
- Inferring glaucoma status from prescriptions, diagnoses, and operations data: A Danish nationwide study.PloS one · 2023Article
- Nation-Wide Analysis of Glaucoma Medication Prescription in Fiscal Year of 2019 in Japan.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- GlaucoMap - Distribution of Glaucoma Surgical Procedures in the United States.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo explore (1) the national trend in population-adjusted prescription rates for glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT) in England and (2) any geographical variation in glaucoma/OHT prescribing trends and its association with established risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at the population level.
designObservational ecological study.
settingPrimary care in England 2008-2012.
participantsAll patients who received 1 or more of the 37 778 660 glaucoma/OHT prescription items between 2008 and 2012. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE
methodsGlaucoma/OHT prescription statistics for England and its constituent primary care trusts (PCTs) between 2008 and 2012 were divided by annual population estimates to give prescription rates per 100 000 population aged ≥40 years. To examine regional differences, prescription rates and the change in prescription rates between 2008 and 2012 for PCTs were separately entered into multivariable linear regression models with the population proportion aged ≥60 years; the proportion of males; the proportion of West African Diaspora (WAD) ethnicity; PCT funding per capita; Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010 score and its domains.
resultsBetween 2008 and 2012, glaucoma/OHT prescriptions increased from 28 029 to 31 309 items per 100 000 population aged ≥40 years. Between PCTs, nearly a quarter of the variation in prescription rates in 2008 and 2012 could be attributed to age, WAD ethnicity and male gender. The change in prescription rates between 2008 and 2012 was only modestly correlated with age (p=0.003, β=0.234), and income deprivation (p=0.035, β=-0.168).
conclusionsIncreased population-adjusted glaucoma/OHT prescription rates in the study period were likely due to increased detection of POAG and OHT cases at risk of POAG. Between PCTs, regional variation in overall prescription rates was partly attributable to demographic risk factors for POAG, although the change in prescription rates was only modestly correlated with the same risk factors, suggesting potential variation in practice.
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