ReviewToxins2016
The Regulatory Networks That Control Clostridium difficile Toxin Synthesis.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a high-throughput screening platform forAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Proteomic antibacterial characterization of flavonoid xanthohumol and probiotic Clostridium butyricum on pathogenic Clostridioides difficile.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- The emerging view on the roles of butyrate inInfection and immunity · 2025Review
- Article
- Proline Stickland fermentation supportsApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- The Pxp Complex Detoxifies 5-Oxoproline and Promotes the Growth of Clostridioides difficile.Molecular microbiology · 2025Article
- Regulatory networks: Linking toxin production and sporulation in Clostridioides difficile.Anaerobe · 2025Review
- In-depth characterization of accessory gene regulator loci and associated virulence factors inCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
- Elucidating human gut microbiota interactions that robustly inhibit diverse Clostridioides difficile strains across different nutrient landscapes.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Spores of Clostridioides difficile are toxin delivery vehicles.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Genomic and phenotypic studies amongMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Review
- Elucidating human gut microbiota interactions that robustly inhibit diversebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- The pH-responsive SmrR-SmrT system modulatesInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Fight or flee, a vital choice formLife · 2024Article
- Approaching pathogenicbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Genomic and phenotypic characterization of aFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Review of the Impact of Biofilm Formation on RecurrentMicroorganisms · 2023Review
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The pathogenic clostridia cause many human and animal diseases, which typically arise as a consequence of the production of potent exotoxins. Among the enterotoxic clostridia, Clostridium difficile is the main causative agent of nosocomial intestinal infections in adults with a compromised gut microbiota caused by antibiotic treatment. The symptoms of C. difficile infection are essentially caused by the production of two exotoxins: TcdA and TcdB. Moreover, for severe forms of disease, the spectrum of diseases caused by C. difficile has also been correlated to the levels of toxins that are produced during host infection. This observation strengthened the idea that the regulation of toxin synthesis is an important part of C. difficile pathogenesis. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the regulators and sigma factors that have been reported to control toxin gene expression in response to several environmental signals and stresses, including the availability of certain carbon sources and amino acids, or to signaling molecules, such as the autoinducing peptides of quorum sensing systems. The overlapping regulation of key metabolic pathways and toxin synthesis strongly suggests that toxin production is a complex response that is triggered by bacteria in response to particular states of nutrient availability during infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.