ArticleClinical radiology2016
Neuroimaging in encephalitis: analysis of imaging findings and interobserver agreement.
Article in Clinical radiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Encephalitis in Adults: Guidelines From the European Academy of Neurology and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.European journal of neurology · 2026Guideline
- Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors.European journal of neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Etiologies, Clinical Characteristics, and Prognostic Impact of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Adults with Encephalitis.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Encephalitis: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Unraveling Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis: Diagnosis and Management.Annals of African medicine · 2026Article
- Cortical melt sign: a novel imaging biomarker for pediatric herpes simplex encephalitis.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Value of the "Insular Knife-Cut" Sign in Patients With Suspected Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Multimodal deep learning model for prediction of prognosis in central nervous system inflammation.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Navigating diagnostic challenges: imaging strategies for herpes simplex encephalitis in resource limited settings: A case report.Radiology case reports · 2024Article
- Seronegative herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis causing temporal lobe epilepsy resulting in new-onset psychosis: a case report and literature review.AME case reports · 2024Article
- Viral meningoencephalitis in pediatric solid organ or hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a diagnostic and therapeutic approach.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Article
- Transient disruption of functional connectivity and depression of neural fluctuations in a mouse model of acute septic encephalopathy.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2023Article
- Article
- Neurology of Acute Viral Infections.The Neurohospitalist · 2022Review
- Article
- Assessment of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes and Functional Outcomes Among Adults With Severe Herpes Simplex Encephalitis.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Case Report: HSV-2 Encephalitis Presenting With Chorea; Effects of Infection Alone or Combination of Infection and Autoimmunity?Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Current Perspectives.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimTo assess the role of imaging in the early management of encephalitis and the agreement on findings in a well-defined cohort of suspected encephalitis cases enrolled in the Prospective Aetiological Study of Encephalitis conducted by the Health Protection Agency (now incorporated into Public Health England). MATERIALS AND
methodsEighty-five CT examinations from 68 patients and 101 MRI examinations from 80 patients with suspected encephalitis were independently rated by three neuroradiologists blinded to patient and clinical details. The level of agreement on the interpretation of images was measured using the kappa statistic. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of CT and MRI for herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) were estimated.
resultsThe kappa value for interobserver agreement on rating the scans as normal or abnormal was good (0.65) for CT and moderate (0.59) for MRI. Agreement for HSV encephalitis was very good for CT (0.87) and MRI (0.82), but only fair for ADEM (0.32 CT; 0.31 MRI). Similarly, the overall sensitivity of imaging for HSV encephalitis was ∼80% for both CT and MRI, whereas for ADEM it was 0% for CT and 20% for MRI. MRI specificity for HSV encephalitis between 3-10 days after symptom onset was 100%.
conclusionThere is a subjective component to scan interpretation that can have important implications for the clinical management of encephalitis cases. Neuroradiologists were good at diagnosing HSV encephalitis; however, agreement was worse for ADEM and other alternative aetiologies. Findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing the cause of encephalitis that takes into account individual clinical, microbiological, and radiological features of each patient.
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Registered trials
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