Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27184287›Full record

SynthesisAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2016

The Effects of Breakfast and Breakfast Composition on Cognition in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Katie Adolphus, Clare L Lawton, Claire L Champ, Louise Dye

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
95citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

95 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Katie AdolphusHuman Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom pskad@leeds.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0003-0655-1025
Clare L LawtonHuman Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-2341-0793
Claire L ChampHuman Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
Louise DyeHuman Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-2331-4227

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Breakfast is thought to be beneficial for cognitive and academic performance in school children. However, breakfast is the most frequently skipped meal, especially among adolescents. The aim of the current article was to systematically review the evidence from intervention studies for the effects of breakfast on cognitive performance in children and adolescents. The effects of breakfast were evaluated by cognitive domain and breakfast manipulation. A total of 45 studies reported in 43 articles were included in the review. Most studies considered the acute effect of a single breakfast (n = 34). The acute studies looked at breakfast compared with no breakfast (n = 24) and/or comparisons of breakfast type (n = 15). The effects of chronic school breakfast program interventions were evaluated in 11 studies. The findings suggest that breakfast consumption relative to fasting has a short-term (same morning) positive domain-specific effect on cognition. Tasks requiring attention, executive function, and memory were facilitated more reliably by breakfast consumption relative to fasting, with effects more apparent in undernourished children. Firm conclusions cannot be made about the acute effects of breakfast composition and the effects of chronic breakfast interventions because there are too few studies and these largely report inconsistent findings. This review also highlights methodologic limitations of the existing research. These include a lack of research on adolescents, few naturalistic breakfast manipulations or testing environments, small samples, and insensitive cognitive tests.

Indexed as

BreakfastCognitionAdolescentAttentionChildDietExecutive FunctionHumansLanguageMemoryPsychomotor PerformanceRandomized Controlled Trials as Topicadolescentsbreakfastchildrencognitive performancesystematic review

Identifiers

PMID27184287
PMCPMC4863264

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.