ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2016
Objective Measurement of Fusional Vergence Ranges and Heterophoria in Infants and Preschool Children.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantifying Visuomotor Maturation From Middle Childhood to Adolescence.Developmental psychobiology · 2026Article
- Near Phoria and Near Point of Convergence Parameters in Children With Hearing and Speech Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The Interaction between Vergence and Accommodation Cues in the Assessment of Fusional Vergence Range.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- How Do Most Young Moderate Hyperopes Avoid Strabismus?Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Vergence and accommodation responses in the control of intermittent exotropia.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2023Article
- The role of binocular vision in the control and development of visually guided upper limb movements.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Developmental Trajectories of Size Constancy as Implicitly Examined by Simple Reaction Times.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Relationship between age, refractive errors and motor fusion in a normal Chinese adult population: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Observational
- The relationship between reflex eye realignment and the percept of single vision in young children.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Synchronization of a Removable Optical Element with an Eye Tracker: Test Case for Heterophoria Measurement.Translational vision science & technology · 2020Article
- Vision Development Differences between Slow and Fast Motor Development in Typical Developing Toddlers: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Prevalence of Heterophoria in Tibetan Grade-One Students: The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study.Journal of ophthalmology · 2020Article
- The Importance of the Interaction Between Ocular Motor Function and Vision During Human Infancy.Annual review of vision science · 2019Review
- Quantitative Approach for the Analysis of Fusional Convergence Using Eye-Tracking and SacLab Toolbox.Journal of healthcare engineering · 2018Article
- Article
- The heterophoria of 3-5 year old children as a function of viewing distance and target type.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2017Article
- Adaptation of horizontal eye alignment in the presence of prism in young children.Journal of vision · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeBinocular alignment typically includes motor fusion compensating for heterophoria. This study evaluated heterophoria and then accommodation and vergence responses during measurement of fusional ranges in infants and preschoolers.
methodsPurkinje image eye tracking and eccentric photorefraction (MCS PowerRefractor) were used to record the eye alignment and accommodation of uncorrected infants (n = 17; 3-5 months old), preschoolers (n = 19; 2.5-5 years), and naïve functionally emmetropic adults (n = 14; 20-32 years; spherical equivalent [SE], +1 to -1 diopters [D]). Heterophoria was derived from the difference between monocular and binocular alignments while participants viewed naturalistic images at 80 cm. The presence or absence of fusion was then assessed after base-in (BI) and base-out (BO) prisms (2-40 prism diopters [pd]) were introduced.
resultsMean (±SD) SE refractions were hyperopic in infants (+2.4 ± 1.2 D) and preschoolers (+1.1 ± 0.6 D). The average exophoria was similar (P = 0.11) across groups (Infants, -0.79 ± 2.5 pd; Preschool, -2.43 ± 2.0 pd; Adults, -1.0 ± 2.7 pd). Mean fusional vergence range also was similar (P = 0.1) for BI (Infants, 11.2 ± 2.5 pd; Preschool, 8.8 ± 2.8 pd; Adults, 11.8 ± 5.2 pd) and BO (Infants, 14 ± 6.6 pd; Preschool, 15.3 ± 8.3 pd; Adults, 20 ± 9.2 pd). Maximum change in accommodation to the highest fusible prism was positive (increased accommodation) for BO (Infants, 1.69 ± 1.4 D; Preschool, 1.35 ± 1.6 D; Adults, 1.22 ± 1.0 D) and negative for BI (Infants, -0.96 ± 1.0 D; Preschool, -0.78 ± 0.6 D; Adults, -0.62 ± 0.3 D), with a similar magnitude across groups (BO, P = 0.6; BI, P = 0.4).
conclusionsDespite typical uncorrected hyperopia, infants and preschoolers exhibited small exophorias at 80 cm, similar to adults. All participants demonstrated substantial fusional ranges, providing evidence that even 3- to 5-month-old infants can respond to a large range of image disparities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.