ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2016
Blood biomarkers for brain injury: What are we measuring?
Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Aberrations in Peripheral Blood Neuron-Specific Enolase Levels in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Depression and anxiety · 2026Pooled it
- The significance of S100β and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in postoperative cognitive dysfunction following cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of medical research · 2025Pooled it
- Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of Esketamine Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Early Postoperative Cognitive Function in Elderly Patients Undergoing Lumbar Spinal Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Trial
- Does acute soccer heading cause an increase in plasma S100B? A randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2020Trial
- Early measurement of interleukin-10 predicts the absence of CT scan lesions in mild traumatic brain injury.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Brain clearance physiology in traumatic brain injury: From disruption to therapeutic potential.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Thermoregulatory and plasma neurobiomarker responses to heat tolerance assessment in exertional heat illness and matched controls.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Research progress on biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Colocalization and discordance between plasma and brain protein quantitative trait loci.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Feasibility of multimodal metabolic analysis for detecting early changes in acute neuroinflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Selected Brain Damage Biomarkers in the Determination of Brain Damage in Dogs With Neurological Distemper.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Serial measurements of neuron specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light for mortality prediction in patients with severe acute brain injury in the ICU.Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- Blood-Based Biomarkers and Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Evidence and Clinical Perspectives.Korean journal of neurotrauma · 2026Review
- Measuring blood-brain barrier dysfunction: a critical appraisal of fluid biomarkers, in vitro models, in vivo imaging, and post-mortem approaches.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- The Impact of Intravenous Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography on Subclinical Neuronal Injury Determined By Neuron-Specific Enolase.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2026Article
- Serum S100β and neuron-specific enolase correlate with obesity parameters in Mexican children.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Article
- Total Tau protein as a novel biomarker for detection of neural injury following cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric congenital heart surgery patients.JTCVS open · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Assessment of Changes in Stroke Risk-Related Biomarkers in Individuals with Prediabetes from Durban, South Africa: Preliminary Findings.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remains challenging, as prognosis and return-to-play/work decisions are based largely on patient reports. Numerous investigations have identified and characterized cellular factors in the blood as potential biomarkers for TBI, in the hope that these factors may be used to gauge the severity of brain injury. None of these potential biomarkers have advanced to use in the clinical setting. Some of the most extensively studied blood biomarkers for TBI include S100β, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and Tau. Understanding the biological function of each of these factors may be imperative to achieve progress in the field. We address the basic question: what are we measuring? This review will discuss blood biomarkers in terms of cellular origin, normal and pathological function, and possible reasons for increased blood levels. Considerations in the selection, evaluation, and validation of potential biomarkers will also be addressed, along with mechanisms that allow brain-derived proteins to enter the bloodstream after TBI. Lastly, we will highlight perspectives and implications for repetitive neurotrauma in the field of blood biomarkers for brain injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.