ArticleBMC cancer2016
Smoking-related cancer in military veterans: retrospective cohort study of 57,000 veterans and 173,000 matched non-veterans.
Article in BMC cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of COVID-19 on the veteran population: evidence from the Trends in Scottish Veterans Health study.BMJ military health · 2025Article
- Investigating the association between Veteran status and rate of emergency department visits.Journal of military, veteran and family health · 2023Article
- Age at entry to UK military service and long-term mental health.BMJ military health · 2023Article
- Clustering of Health and Oral Health-Compromising Behaviours in Army Personnel in Central Peninsular Malaysia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Older veterans associated with reduced risk of cancer: Retrospective nationwide matched cohort study in Taiwan.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Trends in cardiovascular disease in Scottish military veterans: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Machine Learning Radiomics Model for Early Identification of Small-Cell Lung Cancer on Computed Tomography Scans.JCO clinical cancer informatics · 2021Article
- Improving prescribing through big data approaches-Ten years of the Scottish Prescribing Information System.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Review
- Article
- Decreases in Smoking-Related Cancer Mortality Rates Are Associated with Birth Cohort Effects in Korean Men.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Ever Use of E-Cigarettes Among Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study of Sociodemographic Factors.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundServing military personnel are more likely to smoke, and to smoke more heavily, than civilians. The aim of our study was to examine whether veterans have an increased risk of a range of smoking-related cancers compared with non-veterans, using a large, national cohort of veterans.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of 57,000 veterans resident in Scotland and 173,000 age, sex and area of residence matched civilians. We used Cox proportional hazard models to compare the risk of any cancer, lung cancer and other smoking-related cancers overall, by sex and by birth cohort, adjusting for the potential confounding effect of socioeconomic deprivation.
resultsOver a mean of 29 years follow-up, 445 (0.79 %) veterans developed lung cancer compared with 1106 (0.64 %) non-veterans (adjusted hazard ratio 1.16, 95 % confidence intervals 1.04-1.30, p = 0.008). Other smoking-related cancers occurred in 737 (1.31 %) veterans compared with 1883 (1.09 %) non-veterans (adjusted hazard ratio 1.18, 95 % confidence intervals 1.08-1.29, p < 0.001). A significantly increased risk was observed among veterans born 1950-1954 for lung cancer and 1945-1954 for other smoking-related cancers. The risk of lung cancer was decreased among veterans born 1960 onwards. In comparison, there was no difference in the risk of any cancer overall (adjusted hazard ratio 0.98, 95 % confidence intervals 0.94-1.01, p = 0.171), whilst younger veterans were at reduced risk of any cancer (adjusted hazard ratio 0.88, 95 % confidence intervals 0.81-0.97, p = 0.006).
conclusionsMilitary veterans living in Scotland who were born before 1955 are at increased risk of smoking-related cancer compared with non-veterans, but younger veterans are not. The differences may reflect changing patterns of smoking behaviour over time in military personnel which may, in turn, be linked to developments in military health promotion policy and a changing military operational environment, as well as to wider societal factors.
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