ReviewClinical and translational allergy2016
Milk: a postnatal imprinting system stabilizing FoxP3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation.
Review in Clinical and translational allergy, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-Coding RNAs in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Gut priming with bovine colostrum and T regulatory cells in preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial.Pediatric research · 2021Trial
- Neonatal diet alters fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles at different ages in infants fed breast milk or formula.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Integrated Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Profiling Reveals the Effects of Feeding Approaches on Infants' Gut Microenvironment.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Coordination Between Treg Cells and Bifidobacterium in the Immune-Bacterial Network of Human Colostrum.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- The involvement of human breastmilk-derived extracellular vesicles in the development of infant atopic sensitization.Allergologie select · 2026Review
- Human breast milk-derived exosomes and their positive role on neonatal intestinal health.Pediatric research · 2025Review
- Article
- MicroRNA as a new bioactive component in breast milk.Non-coding RNA research · 2023Review
- Isolation of Bovine and Human Milk Extracellular Vesicles.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Milk Exosomal microRNAs: Postnatal Promoters of β Cell Proliferation but Potential Inducers of β Cell De-Differentiation in Adult Life.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Role of Bifidobacteria on Infant Health.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of mucosal immunity: how human milk shapes the innate and adaptive mucosal immune systems.Current opinion in gastroenterology · 2021Review
- Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs of Human Milk and Their Effects on Infant Health and Development.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Article
- Treg Cells and Epigenetic Regulation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Flood Control: How Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Can Help to Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Break the Gut-Joint Axis in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Breastfeeding Contributes to Physiological Immune Programming in the Newborn.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Review
- Important Role of Immunological Responses to Environmental Exposure in the Development of Allergic Asthma.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2020Review
- Milk Exosomes Prevent Intestinal Inflammation in a Genetic Mouse Model of Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Experiment.Inflammatory intestinal diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreastfeeding has protective effects for the development of allergies and atopy. Recent evidence underlines that consumption of unboiled farm milk in early life is a key factor preventing the development of atopic diseases. Farm milk intake has been associated with increased demethylation of FOXP3 and increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, the questions arose which components of farm milk control the differentiation and function of Tregs, critical T cell subsets that promote tolerance induction and inhibit the development of allergy and autoimmunity.
findingsBased on translational research we identified at least six major signalling pathways that could explain milk's biological role controlling stable FoxP3 expression and Treg differentiation: (1) via maintaining appropriate magnitudes of Akt-mTORC1 signalling, (2) via transfer of milk fat-derived long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, (3) via transfer of milk-derived exosomal microRNAs that apparently decrease FOXP3 promoter methylation, (4) via transfer of exosomal transforming growth factor-β, which induces SMAD2/SMAD3-dependent FoxP3 expression, (5) via milk-derived Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species that induce interleukin-10 (IL-10)-mediated differentiation of Tregs, and (6) via milk-derived oligosaccharides that serve as selected nutrients for the growth of bifidobacteria in the intestine of the new born infant.
conclusionAccumulating evidence underlines that milk is a complex signalling and epigenetic imprinting network that promotes stable FoxP3 expression and long-lasting Treg differentiation, crucial postnatal events preventing atopic and autoimmune diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.