ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2016
Feeding at the Breast and Expressed Milk Feeding: Associations with Otitis Media and Diarrhea in Infants.
Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infant.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- An Integrative Review of Exclusive Breast Milk Expression.Journal of midwifery & women's healthPooled it
- Trial
- Exclusively Pumping Women's Milk Production and Pumping and Feeding Dynamics-An Online Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pumps, patriarchy, and profits: the rise of breast pumping and "human milk feeding" and why preserving "breastfeeding" is important.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Non-stochastic reassembly of a metabolically cohesive gut consortium shaped by N-acetyl-lactosamine-enriched fibers.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Bacterial infection in weaned piglets promotes diarrhea by inducing the NLRP3 inflammasome-pyroptosis pathway.Science China. Life sciences · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Breastfeeding Measurement - Considerations When Measuring Exclusive Breastfeeding.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2025Article
- Human milkFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Article
- Beyond ingredients: Supramolecular structure of lipid droplets in infant formula affects metabolic and brain function in mouse models.PloS one · 2023Article
- Milk fat globule membrane promotes brain development in piglets by enhancing the connection of white matter fiber trace.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Disability and in-hospital breastfeeding practices and supports in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study.The Lancet. Public health · 2023Article
- Exclusive breastmilk pumping: A concept analysis.Nursing forum · 2022Article
- Breastfeeding initiation and duration and acute otitis media among children less than two years of age in Jordan: results from a case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- Association of Infant Feeding Methods and Excess Weight from Birth to Age 6.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2021Article
- Effect of digestion on stability of palivizumab IgG1 in the infant gastrointestinal tract.Pediatric research · 2021Article
- Infant Feeding Practices During the First Postnatal Year and Risk of Asthma and Allergic Disease During the First 6 Years of Life.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2021Article
- Feeding Infants at the Breast or Feeding Expressed Human Milk: Long-Term Cognitive, Executive Function, and Eating Behavior Outcomes at Age 6 Years.The Journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the associations of substance fed and mode of breast milk delivery with occurrence of otitis media and diarrhea in the first year of life. STUDY
designAt 12 months postpartum, women (n = 813; 62% response) completed a questionnaire that assessed sociodemographics, infant occurrence of otitis media and diarrhea, and the timing of starting/stopping feeding at the breast, expressed milk, and formula. Women who intended to "bottle feed" exclusively were not recruited. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were conducted in the full sample (n = 491) and no-formula (n = 106) and bottle-only (n = 49) subsamples.
resultsLonger duration of expressed milk feeding was associated with increased odds of experiencing otitis media (6-month OR [OR6-month] 2.15, 95% CI 1.01-4.55) in the no-formula subsample. Longer durations of breast milk feeding (OR6-month 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.92; 6-month incidence rate ratio [IRR6-month] 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.91), and feeding at the breast (OR6-month 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.89; IRR6-month 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.88) were associated with less diarrhea, and longer formula feeding duration was associated with increased risk of diarrhea (IRR6-month 1.34, 95% CI 1.13-1.54) in the full sample.
conclusionSubstance fed and mode of breast milk delivery have different contributions to infant health depending on the health outcome of interest. Feeding at the breast may be advantageous compared with expressed milk feeding for reducing the risk of otitis media, and breast milk feeding compared with formula may reduce the risk of diarrhea.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.