ArticleCell host & microbe2016
HIV-1 Vpu Mediates HLA-C Downregulation.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Innate immune imprints shape HIV-1 reservoir cell persistence during long-term antiretroviral therapy.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Natural killers blast HIV reservoir landscape.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Long-term depletion of KIR3DL01+ NK cells by adeno-associated viral-vectored antibody delivery alters chronic SIV infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
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- Natural killer cells in kidney immune surveillance, injury and fibrosis.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- CD8+ T cells cross-restricted by HLA-B*57 and HLA-E*01 recognize HIV Gag with different functional profiles.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Resist to persist: resistance of the HIV reservoir to immune-mediated clearance.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- NKp30 and NKG2D contribute to natural killer cell-mediated recognition of HIV-infected cells.iScience · 2025Article
- HIV-1 manipulates CD96 on CD4Science advances · 2025Article
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- HIV-1 Nef activates proviral DNA transcription by recruiting Src kinase to phosphorylate host protein Nef-associated factor 1 to compromise its viral restrictive function.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- From natural defenders to therapeutic warriors: NK cells in HIV immunotherapy.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- HIV controllers: hope for a functional cure.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Viral manipulation of the HLA class I antigen processing and presentation pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- Safety and Virologic Impact of Haploidentical NK Cells Plus Interleukin 2 or N-803 in HIV Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Gammaherpesviruses and HIV: A Review of Virus Adaptation and Exploitation.Viruses · 2023Review
- Article
- MHC Class I Ligands of Rhesus Macaque Killer Cell Ig-like Receptors.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Immunomodulatory Activity of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Dasatinib to Elicit NK Cytotoxicity against Cancer, HIV Infection and Aging.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Many pathogens evade cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by downregulating HLA molecules on infected cells, but the loss of HLA can trigger NK cell-mediated lysis. HIV-1 is thought to subvert CTLs while preserving NK cell inhibition by Nef-mediated downregulation of HLA-A and -B but not HLA-C molecules. We find that HLA-C is downregulated by most primary HIV-1 clones, including transmitted founder viruses, in contrast to the laboratory-adapted NL4-3 virus. HLA-C reduction is mediated by viral Vpu and reduces the ability of HLA-C restricted CTLs to suppress viral replication in CD4+ cells in vitro. HLA-A/B are unaffected by Vpu, and primary HIV-1 clones vary in their ability to downregulate HLA-C, possibly in response to whether CTLs or NK cells dominate immune pressure through HLA-C. HIV-2 also suppresses HLA-C expression through distinct mechanisms, underscoring the immune pressure HLA-C exerts on HIV. This viral immune evasion casts new light on the roles of CTLs and NK cells in immune responses against HIV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.