ArticleJournal of neurovirology2016
Exosome-associated release, uptake, and neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat protein.
Article in Journal of neurovirology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiretroviral Therapy Intensification for Neurocognitive Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- HIV-1 Tat-driven Glutamate Dysregulation: Implications for Cognitive Impairment in HAND.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation and NeuroHIV: understanding the role of HIV-1 related factors in microglial activation.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Exosomal nanocarriers of immune fate: molecular insights into cancer immunity, pathogen defense, and emerging immunotherapies.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Characterization of HIV-1 Particles Co-Purified With Three Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes From the Raji CD4 DCIR Cell Line, a Hybrid Model of CD4 T Cells and Dendritic Cells.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Genotoxic consequences of viral infections.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Neuropathogenic role of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Metformin Treatment Leads to Increased HIV Transcription and Gene Expression through Increased CREB Phosphorylation and Recruitment to the HIV LTR Promoter.Aging and disease · 2024Article
- Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID-19 Central Neuropathology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- A state-of-the-art review of the recent advances in exosome isolation and detection methods in viral infection.Virology journal · 2024Review
- LM11A-31, a modulator of p75 neurotrophin receptor, suppresses HIV-1 replication and inflammatory response in macrophages.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Intercellular Transport of Viral Proteins.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Disruption of blood-brain barrier: effects of HIV Tat on brain microvascular endothelial cells and tight junction proteins.Journal of neurovirology · 2023Review
- Resveratrol and its analogs suppress HIV replication, oxidative stress, and inflammation in macrophages.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Article
- The Use of CBD and Its Synthetic Analog HU308 in HIV-1-Infected Myeloid Cells.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Exosomes multifunctional roles in HIV-1: insight into the immune regulation, vaccine development and current progress in delivery system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection.Viruses · 2022Review
- HIV-1 Tat endocytosis and retention in endolysosomes affects HIV-1 Tat-induced LTR transactivation in astrocytes.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2022Article
- Sirtuins Modulation: A Promising Strategy for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Extracellular Vesicles and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Implications in Neuropathogenesis and Disease Diagnosis.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is an indispensible transactivator for HIV gene transcription and replication. It has been shown to exit cells as a free protein and enter neighboring cells or interact with surface receptors of neighboring cells to regulate gene expression and cell function. In this study, we report, for the first time, exosome-associated Tat release and uptake. Using a HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase reporter-based cell assay and Western blotting or in combination with exosome inhibitor, OptiPrep gradient fractionation, and exosome depletion, we demonstrated significant presence of HIV-1 Tat in exosomes derived from Tat-expressing primary astrocytes, Tat-transfected U373.MG and 293T, and HIV-infected MT4. We further showed that exosome-associated Tat from Tat-expressing astrocytes was capable of causing neurite shortening and neuron death, further supporting that this new form of extracellular Tat is biologically active. Lastly, we constructed a Tat mutant deleted of its basic domain and determined the role of the basic domain in Tat trafficking into exosomes. Basic domain-deleted Tat exhibited no apparent effects on Tat trafficking into exosomes, while maintained its dominant-negative function in Tat-mediated LTR transactivation. Taken together, these results show a significant fraction of Tat is secreted and present in the form of exosomes and may contribute to the stability of extracellular Tat and broaden the spectrum of its target cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.