ArticlePloS one2016
Race, Neighborhood Economic Status, Income Inequality and Mortality.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Identifying the 'active ingredients' of socioeconomic disadvantage for youth outcomes in middle childhood.Development and psychopathology · 2024Article
- Race, Social Determinants of Health, and Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Evidence of COVID-19 fatalities in Swedish neighborhoods from a full population study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Research on factors influencing Chinese parents' support for death education: a cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Financial Well-Being Among US Adults with Vascular Conditions: Differential Impacts Among Blacks and Hispanics.Ethnicity & disease · 2024Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mortality rates in the United States vary based on race, individual economic status and neighborhood. Correlations among these variables in most urban areas have limited what conclusions can be drawn from existing research. Our study employs a unique factorial design of race, sex, age and individual poverty status, measuring time to death as an objective measure of health, and including both neighborhood economic status and income inequality for a sample of middle-aged urban-dwelling adults (N = 3675). At enrollment, African American and White participants lived in 46 unique census tracts in Baltimore, Maryland, which varied in neighborhood economic status and degree of income inequality. A Cox regression model for 9-year mortality identified a three-way interaction among sex, race and individual poverty status (p = 0.03), with African American men living below poverty having the highest mortality. Neighborhood economic status, whether measured by a composite index or simply median household income, was negatively associated with overall mortality (p<0.001). Neighborhood income inequality was associated with mortality through an interaction with individual poverty status (p = 0.04). While racial and economic disparities in mortality are well known, this study suggests that several social conditions associated with health may unequally affect African American men in poverty in the United States. Beyond these individual factors are the influences of neighborhood economic status and income inequality, which may be affected by a history of residential segregation. The significant association of neighborhood economic status and income inequality with mortality beyond the synergistic combination of sex, race and individual poverty status suggests the long-term importance of small area influence on overall mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.