ArticleInternational dental journal2016
Social inequalities in adult oral health in 40 low- and middle-income countries.
Article in International dental journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Key virulence genes associated withFrontiers in oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Socioeconomic status, oral health and dental disease in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States.BMC oral health · 2018Pooled it
- FDI policy statement on Preventing oral diseases: Adopted by the General Assembly: September 2016, Poznan, Poland.International dental journal · 2017Guideline
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Oral Health Across Age Groups Among Single-Person Households in South Korea.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Exploring Oral Health Challenges and Barriers to Dental Care Among Children in Cabo Verde: A Qualitative Study.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Education-Based Inequality in Edentulism and Functional Dentition Among Older Brazilian Adults: A Study Covering a Period of 20 Years.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Effect of geometry on clasp retention force: a finite element analysis study.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Analysis of factors associated with tooth loss in older adults from 1995 to 2015: a population-based cross-sectional survey in Guangdong, China.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- Is dietary pattern a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and dental caries?Clinical oral investigations · 2021Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in self-reported unmet need for oral health services in adults aged 50 years and over in China, Ghana, and India.International journal for equity in health · 2018Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study evaluated social inequalities in adult oral health across several low- and middle-income countries.
methodsWe used data from 40 countries that participated in the World Health Surveys. Participants' socio-economic position was assessed using the wealth index. Oral health was assessed using two perceived measures, namely total tooth loss and whether they had any problems with their mouth and/or teeth during the last 12 months (perceived needs). Absolute and relative wealth inequalities in oral health were measured using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII), respectively, after adjusting for participants' sex, age and education.
resultsThere were wealth inequalities in total tooth loss and perceived needs in most countries. However, significant monotonic gradients were found in 21 countries for total tooth loss and in 18 countries for perceived needs. Two distinctive patterns of social inequality in oral health were found across countries using the RII and the SII. For total tooth loss, pro-rich inequality was found in 25 countries (significant RII/SII in eight countries) and pro-poor inequality was found in 15 (significant RII/SII in three countries). For perceived needs, pro-poor inequality was found in 26 countries (significant RII/SII in six countries) and pro-rich inequality was found in 14 (significant RII/SII in five countries).
conclusionsThe well-documented social gradient in adult oral health favouring the rich was not present in all low- and middle-income countries. Pro-poor inequalities in total tooth loss, and particularly in perceived dental-treatment needs, were observed in some countries.
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