ReviewToxins2016
Toxin-Antitoxin Systems of Staphylococcus aureus.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Discovery ofmBio · 2026Article
- The toxin from the PemIK-Sa1 toxin-antitoxin system decreasesFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Genomic epidemiology and the evolution ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Analysis of co-occurrence of type II toxin-antitoxin systems and antibiotic resistance determinants inmSystems · 2025Article
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus mazEF expression promotes infections by influencing cellular growth, antibiotic sensitivity, and formation of biofilms.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Deciphering the genomic character of the multidrug-resistantAIMS microbiology · 2024Article
- Exposing the small protein load of bacterial life.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2023Review
- Biology and Regulation of Staphylococcal Biofilm.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Genome mining reveals the prevalence and extensive diversity of toxin-antitoxin systems inFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Going through phages: a computational approach to revealing the role of prophage inAccess microbiology · 2023Article
- Whole genome sequencing of Moraxella bovis strains from North America reveals two genotypes with different genetic determinants.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Bioinformatic Analysis of a Set of 14 Temperate Bacteriophages Isolated from Staphylococcus aureus Strains Highlights Their Massive Genetic Diversity.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Role of PemI in the Staphylococcus aureus PemIK toxin-antitoxin complex: PemI controls PemK by acting as a PemK loop mimic.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence.Current research in microbial sciences · 2021Review
- Correlation betweenMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus positive for Staphylococcal enterotoxin S and T genes.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2021Article
- MazF toxin causes alterations in Staphylococcus aureus transcriptome, translatome and proteome that underlie bacterial dormancy.Nucleic acids research · 2021Article
- RNA Regulated Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- TheJournal of bone and joint infection · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes. They encode toxin proteins that interfere with vital cellular functions and are counteracted by antitoxins. Dependent on the chemical nature of the antitoxins (protein or RNA) and how they control the activity of the toxin, TA systems are currently divided into six different types. Genes comprising the TA types I, II and III have been identified in Staphylococcus aureus. MazF, the toxin of the mazEF locus is a sequence-specific RNase that cleaves a number of transcripts, including those encoding pathogenicity factors. Two yefM-yoeB paralogs represent two independent, but auto-regulated TA systems that give rise to ribosome-dependent RNases. In addition, omega/epsilon/zeta constitutes a tripartite TA system that supposedly plays a role in the stabilization of resistance factors. The SprA1/SprA1AS and SprF1/SprG1 systems are post-transcriptionally regulated by RNA antitoxins and encode small membrane damaging proteins. TA systems controlled by interaction between toxin protein and antitoxin RNA have been identified in S. aureus in silico, but not yet experimentally proven. A closer inspection of possible links between TA systems and S. aureus pathophysiology will reveal, if these genetic loci may represent druggable targets. The modification of a staphylococcal TA toxin to a cyclopeptide antibiotic highlights the potential of TA systems as rather untapped sources of drug discovery.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.