ArticlePhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2016
Insect antimicrobial peptides act synergistically to inhibit a trypanosome parasite.
Article in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revolutionizing orthopedic healthcare: a systematic review unveiling recombinant antimicrobial peptides.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Synergistic host-parasitoid antimicrobial peptide interactions ensure the survival of parasitized hosts.Virulence · 2025Article
- Microalgae, Cell Factories for Antimicrobial Peptides: A Promising Response to Antibiotic Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Kinship as a double-edged sword: relatedness among burying beetle larvae enhances growth but increases mortality.Biology letters · 2025Article
- Pattern recognition, hemolymph protease-14 activation, and enhancement of lysozyme-mediated bacteria killing by soluble peptidoglycan recognition proteins in Manduca sexta.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Antimalarial activity of cecropin antimicrobial peptides derived fromAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- The evolution of antimicrobial peptide resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is severely constrained by random peptide mixtures.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling framework as a tool to predict drug resistance evolution.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2023Article
- Application of antimicrobial peptides in plant protection: making use of the overlooked merits.Frontiers in plant science · 2023Review
- Understanding effects of floral products on bee parasites: Mechanisms, synergism, and ecological complexity.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2022Article
- Genetic variation and microbiota in bumble bees cross-infected by different strains of C. bombi.PloS one · 2022Article
- Mechanism of Antimicrobial Peptides: Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibiofilm Activities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Physicochemical Features and Peculiarities of Interaction of AMP with the Membrane.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Article
- Cooperative Function of LL-37 and HNP1 Protects Mammalian Cell Membranes from Lysis.Biophysical journal · 2020Article
- A New Era of Antibiotics: The Clinical Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Antimicrobial peptides: Application informed by evolution.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Review
- The Genetic Basis of Natural Variation inGenes · 2020Article
- Trypanosomatid parasite dynamically changes the transcriptome during infection and modifies honey bee physiology.Communications biology · 2020Article
- TheFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The innate immune system provides protection from infection by producing essential effector molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that possess broad-spectrum activity. This is also the case for bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, when infected by the trypanosome, Crithidia bombi Furthermore, the expressed mixture of AMPs varies with host genetic background and infecting parasite strain (genotype). Here, we used the fact that clones of C. bombi can be cultivated and kept as strains in medium to test the effect of various combinations of AMPs on the growth rate of the parasite. In particular, we used pairwise combinations and a range of physiological concentrations of three AMPs, namely Abaecin, Defensin and Hymenoptaecin, synthetized from the respective genomic sequences. We found that these AMPs indeed suppress the growth of eight different strains of C. bombi, and that combinations of AMPs were typically more effective than the use of a single AMP alone. Furthermore, the most effective combinations were rarely those consisting of maximum concentrations. In addition, the AMP combination treatments revealed parasite strain specificity, such that strains varied in their sensitivity towards the same mixtures. Hence, variable expression of AMPs could be an alternative strategy to combat highly variable infections.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.