ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2016
Using eye-tracking to examine how embedding risk corrective statements improves cigarette risk beliefs: Implications for tobacco regulatory policy.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cigarette filter ventilation, product appeal and regulatory options: a review of the influence of ventilation on consumers' sensory and risk perceptions.Tobacco control · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of nicotine corrective messaging on nicotine-related beliefs in US adults: a randomised controlled trial.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial.BMC public health · 2023Trial
- Effects of advertising features on smokers' and non-smokers' perceptions of a reduced nicotine cigarette modified risk tobacco product.Tobacco control · 2023Trial
- The Effects of Varying Electronic Cigarette Warning Label Design Features On Attention, Recall, and Product Perceptions Among Young Adults.Health communication · 2019Trial
- Reduced nicotine content cigarette advertising: How false beliefs and subjective ratings affect smoking behavior.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2017Trial
- Effects of cigarette greenwashing advertising on behavioral economic demand, puff topography, and health risk perception.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2026Article
- Geometric framework for statistical analysis of eye tracking heat maps, with application to a tobacco waterpipe study.Journal of applied statistics · 2024Article
- Effects of reduced nicotine content cigarette advertising with warning labels and social media features on product perceptions among young adults.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Article
- Examining Visual Attention to Tobacco Marketing Materials Among Young Adult Smokers: Protocol for a Remote Webcam-Based Eye-Tracking Experiment.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Article
- Eye tracking applied to tobacco smoking: current directions and future perspectives.Journal of eye movement research · 2022Article
- Shedding 'light' on cigarette pack design: colour differences in product perceptions, use and exposure following the US descriptor ban.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Responses to reduced nicotine cigarette marketing features: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2021Article
- People in E-Cigarette Ads Attract More Attention: An Eye-Tracking Study.Tobacco regulatory science · 2020Article
- The Effectiveness of Online Messages for Promoting Smoking Cessation Resources: Predicting Nationwide Campaign Effects From Neural Responses in the EX Campaign.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Article
- Marketing Influences on Perceptions of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Advancing Tobacco Product Warning Labels Research Methods and Theory: A Summary of a Grantee Meeting Held by the US National Cancer Institute.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Review
- Temporal Effects of Message Congruency on Attention to and Recall of Pictorial Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Using Neuroscience to Inform Tobacco Control Policy.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco companies have deliberately used explicit and implicit misleading information in marketing campaigns. The aim of the current study was to experimentally investigate whether the editing of explicit and implicit content of a print advertisement improves smokers' risk beliefs and smokers' knowledge of explicit and implicit information.
methodsUsing a 2(explicit/implicit)×2(accurate/misleading) between-subject design, 203 smokers were randomly assigned to one of four advertisement conditions. The manipulation of graphic content was examined as an implicit factor to convey product harm. The inclusion of a text corrective in the body of the ad was defined as the manipulated explicit factor. Participants' eye movements and risk beliefs/recall were measured during and after ad exposure, respectively.
resultsResults indicate that exposure to a text corrective decreases false beliefs about the product (p<.01) and improves correct recall of information provided by the corrective (p<.05). Accurate graphic content did not alter the harmfulness of the product. Independent of condition, smokers who focused longer on the warning label made fewer false inferences about the product (p=.01) and were more likely to correctly recall the warning information (p<.01). Nonetheless, most smokers largely ignored the text warning.
conclusionsEmbedding a corrective statement in the body of the ad is an effective strategy to convey health information to consumers, which can be mandated under the Tobacco Control Act. Eye-tracking results objectively demonstrate that text-only warnings are not viewed by smokers, thus minimizing their effectiveness for conveying risk information.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.