ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2016
Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04659941 (Use of BCG Vaccine as a Preventive Measure for COVID-19 in Health Care Workers), which is not on this map. Cited by 145 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Use of BCG Vaccine as a Preventive Measure for COVID-19 in Health Care Workers
Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 254 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trained innate immunity.Immunologic research · 2021Pooled it
- Early vaccination protects against childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2017Pooled it
- No evidence of MMR induced trained immunity to prevent SARS COV2: results from a multi-centre RCT.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Impact of vaccine platform and BCG vaccination on antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Bacterial Mucosal Immunotherapy with MV130 Prevents Recurrent Wheezing in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021Trial
- Differential effects of BCG vaccine on immune responses induced by vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccination: an explorative randomized trial.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2020Trial
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination at birth and in vitro cytokine responses to non-specific stimulation. A randomized clinical trial.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2018Trial
- Phase 2 Placebo-Controlled Trial of Two Vaccines to Prevent Ebola in Liberia.The New England journal of medicine · 2017Trial
- Route of BCG administration determines success.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- BCG vaccination potentiates oxidative phosphorylation in neonatal myeloid-derived suppressor cells.FEBS open bio · 2026Article
- Rediscovering eosinophil identity through tissue adaptation.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- COVID-19 vaccination status during pregnancy and preeclampsia risk: the pandemic-era cohort of the INTERCOVID consortium.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- The impact of interferon-γ pathway on trained immunity induction by vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Bioengineering approaches to trained immunity: Physiologic targets and therapeutic strategies.eLife · 2025Review
- Trained immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Coevolutionary interplay: Helminths-trained immunity and its impact on the rise of inflammatory diseases.eLife · 2025Review
- Trained Innate Immunity.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Acute and persistent responses after H5N1 vaccination in humans.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Article
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clinical evidence strongly suggests that certain live vaccines, in particular bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles vaccines, can reduce all-cause mortality, most probably through protection against non-targeted pathogens in addition to the targeted pathogen. The underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. We discuss how heterologous lymphocyte activation and innate immune memory could promote protection beyond the intended target pathogen and consider how vaccinologists could leverage heterologous immunity to improve outcomes in vulnerable populations, in particular the very young and the elderly.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.